Dissociative Amnesia- Memory Loss Essay -- short term memory, American

Introduction: The main Character is Lenard; he is an average looking male in his mid to early thirties. At first look one would never think that there is anything wrong with him, he speaks clearly and intelligently, id s polite individual and well-mannered when interacting with others. Lenard does the typical things and daily activities that a normal person does. On sight one can’t tell that, but Lenard has a condition where he cannot recall anything that happens to him within a matter of minutes, things such as people he meets, the conversations he had and places he’s been become distant after a few minutes. The only thing that Lenard is able to remember is those things that happened before the incident that caused his diagnosis. The things that Lenard is able to recall are those things such as his name, who he is, and the way his life was before the traumatic experience. Lenard is incapable of making new memories as well as short term memories. Diagnosis: In the film Lenard tells people that he has short term memory loss, this isn’t the case though, Lenard’s disorder is in fact more serious then he knows. Lenard has; individuals who have this condition like Lenard have difficulties remembering parts of their lives from a single event or numerous events that have occurred. Dissociative amnesia typically occurs when a traumatic event happens in that individual’s life. For Lenard, the traumatic event that occurred in his life was the rapping and murder of his wife which occurred in their own house while Lenard was asleep, then awoke to see what was going on, to which he was hit across the head with a gun which caused his condition, then left laying besides his lifeless wife on the bathroom floor, Symptoms & Axis I-V: The DSM... ...ma he encountered didn’t occur. Works Cited: DSM-IV-TR. (n.d.). American Psychiatric Association. Memento. Dir. Christopher Nolan. Landmark, 2000. DVD. Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Etiology. Retrieved November 9, 2013 from Merriam- Webster: http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/etiology NCBI. (n.d.) Us National Library of Medicine National Institute of Health. Retrieved November 9, 2013, from PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16791779 Psychotherapy And Counseling. (n.d.). Dissociative Amnesia – DSMIV Definition. Retrieved November 9, 2013, from the DSM IV: http://psychotherapyandcounseling.org/dissociative-disorders- category/dissociative-amnesia Whitbourne, S. K., & Haligan, R. P. (2013). Abnormal Psychology: Clinical Perspectives on Psychological Disorders, Seventh Edition. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.

Smart Material

â€Å"SMART MATERIALS† ABSTRACT The world has undergone two materials ages, the plastics age and the composite age, during the past centuries. In the midst of these two ages a new era has developed. This is the smart materials era. According to early definitions, smart materials are materials that respond to their environments in a timely manner. The definition of smart materials has been expanded to materials that receive, transmit or process a stimulus and respond by producing a useful effect that may include a signal that the materials are acting upon it. Smart materials cover a wide and developing range of technologies.A particular type of smart material, known as chromogenics, can be used for large areaglazing in buildings, automobiles, planes, and for certain types of electronic display. Smart materials have been around for many years and they have found a large number of applications. There are many types of the materials present some of them listed below: Shape memory alloy 2) Piezoelectric materials 3) Magnetostrictive materials 4) Magneto- and electro-rheological materials 5) Chromic materials Due to the property of responding quickly with environment and many applications in daily life smart materials deserve a great future scope.I. INTRODUCTION Smart materials have been around for many years and they have found a large number of applications. The use of the terms ‘smart' and ‘intelligent' to describe materials and systems came from the US and started in the 1980? s despite the fact that some of these so-called smart materials had been around for decades. Many of the smart materials were developed by government agencies working on military and aerospace projects but in recent years their use has transferred into the civil sector for applications in the construction, transport, medical, leisure and domestic areas.The first problem encountered with these unusual materials is defining what the word† smart? actually means. One di ctionary definition of smart describes something which is a stute or ‘operating as if by human intelligence' and this is what smart materials are. A and back again when you return inside. This coating is made from a smart material which is described as being photochromic. There are many groups of smart materials, each exhibiting particular properties which can be harnessed in a variety of high-tech and everyday applications. These include shape memory smart material is one which reacts to its environment aby itself.The change is inherent to the material and not a result of some change in volume, a change in colour or a change in viscosity and this may occur in response to a change in temperature, stress, electrical current, or magnetic field. In many cases this reaction is reversible, a common example being the coating on spectacles which reacts to the level of UV light, turning your ordinary glasses into sunglasses when you go outside alloys, piezoelectric materials, magneto- rheological and electro-rheological materials, magnetostrictive materials and chromic materials which change their colour in reaction to various stimuli.The distinction between a smart material and a smartstructure should be emphasised. A smart structure incorporates some form of actuator and sensor (which may be made from smart materials) with control hardware and software to form a system which reacts to its environment. Such a structure might be an aircraft wing which continuously alters its profile during flight to give the optimum shape for the operating conditions at the time. II SHAPE MEMORY ALLOYS Shape memory alloys (SMAs) are one of the most well known types of smart material and they have found extensive uses in the 70 years since their discoveryWhat are SMAs? A shape memory transformation was first observed in 1932 in an alloy of gold and cadmium, and then later in brass in 1938. The shape memory effect (SME) was seen in the gold-cadmium alloy in 1951, but this was of li ttle use. Some ten years later in 1962 an equiatomic alloy of titanium and nickel was found to exhibit a significant SME and Nitinol (so named because it is made from nickel and titanium and its properties were discovered at the Naval Ordinance Laboratories) has become the most common SMA.Other SMAs include those based on copper (in particular CuZnAl), NiAl and FeMnSi, though it should be noted that the NiTi alloy has by far the most superior properties. How do SMAs work? The SME describes the process of a material changing shape or remembering a particular shape at a specific temperature (i. e. its transformation or memory temperature). Materials which can only exhibit the shape change or memory effect once are known as one way SMAs. However some alloys can betrained to show a two-way effect in which they remember two shapes, one below and one above the memory temperature.At the memory temperature the alloy undergoes a solid state phase transformation. That is, the crystal structur e of the material changes resulting in a volume or shape change and this change in structure is called a„thermoelastic martensitic transformation?. This effect occurs as the material has a martensitic microstructure below the transformation temperature, which is characterised by a zig-zag arrangement of the atoms, known as twins. The martensitic structure is relatively soft and is easily deformed by removing the twinned structure.The material has an austenitic structure above the memory temperature, which is much stronger. To change from the martensitic or deformed structure to the austenitic shape the material is simply heated through the memory temperature. Cooling down again reverts the alloy to the martensitic state as shown in Figure 1. The shape change may exhibit itself as either an expansion or contraction. The transformation temperature can be tuned to within a couple of degrees by changing the alloy composition.Nitinol can be made with a transformation temperature an ywhere between –100? C and +100? C which makes it very versatile. Where are SMAs used? Shape memory alloys have found a large number of uses in aerospace, medicine and the leisure industry. A few of these applications are described below. Medical applications Quite fortunately Nitinol is biocompatible, that is, it can be used in the body without an adverse reaction, so it has found a number of medical uses. These include stents in which rings of SMA wire hold open a polymer tube to pen up a blocked vein , blood filters, and bone plates which contract upon transformation to pull the two ends of the broken bone in to closer contact and encourage more rapid healing . It is possible that SMAs could also find use in dentistry for orthodontic braces which straighten teeth. The memory shape of the material is made to be the desired shape of the teeth. This is then deformed to fit the teeth as they are and the memory is activated by the temperature of the mouth. The SMART exerts enou gh force as it contracts to move the teeth slowly and gradually.Surgical tools, particularly those used in key hole surgery may also be made from SMAs. These tools are often often bent to fit the geometry of a particular patient, however, in order for them to be used again they return to a default shape upon sterilisation in an autoclave. Still many years away is the use of SMAs as artificial muscles, i. e. simulating the expansion and contraction of human muscles. This process will utilise a piece of SMA wire in place of a muscle on the finger of a robotic hand.When it is heated, by passing an electrical current through it, the material expands and straightens the joint, on cooling the wire contracts again bending the finger again In reality this is incredibly difficult to achieve since complex software and surrounding systems are also required. Figure 1 – Change in structure associated with the shape memory effect. NASA have been researching the use of SMA muscles in robots which walk, fly and swim! Domestic applications SMAs can be used as actuators which exert a force associated with the shape change, and this can be repeated over many thousands of cycles.Applications include springs which are incorporated in to greenhouse windows such that they open and close themselves at a given temperature. Along a similar theme are pan lids which incorporate an SMA spring in the steam vent. When the spring is heated by the boiling water in the pan it changes shape and opens the vent, thus preventing the pan from boiling over and maintaining efficient cooking. The springs are similar to those shown in Figure 5. SMAs can be used to replace bimetallic strips in many domestic applications.SMAs offer the advantage of giving a larger deflection and exerting a stronger force for a given change in temperature. They can be used in cut out switches for kettles and other devices, security door locks, fire protection devices such as smoke alarms and cooking safety indicato rs (for example for checking the temperature of a roast joint). Aerospace applications A more high tech application is the use of SMA wire to control the flaps on the trailing edge of aircraft wings.The flaps are currently controlled by extensive hydraulic systems but these could be replaced by wires which are resistance heated, by passing a current along them, to produce the desired shape change. Such a system would be considerably simpler than the conventional hydraulics, thus reducing maintenance and it would also decrease the weight of the system. Manufacturing applications SMA tubes can be used as couplings for connecting two tubes. The coupling diameter is made slightly smaller than the tubes it is to join. The coupling is deformed such that it slips over the tube ends and the temperature changed to activate the memory.The coupling tube shrinks to hold the two ends together but can never fully transform so it exerts a constant force on the joined tubes. Why are SMAs so flexibl e? In addition to the shape memory effect, SMAs are also known to be very flexible or super elastic, which arises from the structure of the martensite. This property Of SMARTs has also been exploited for example in mobile phone aerials, spectacle frames and the underwire in bras. The kink resistance of the wires makes them useful in surgical tools which need to remain straight as they are passed through the body.Nitinol can be bent significantly further than stainless steel without suffering permanent deformation. Another rather novel application of SMAs which combines both the thermal memory and super elastic properties of these materials is in intelligent fabrics. Very fine wires are woven in to ordinary polyester cotton fabric. Since the material is super elastic the wires spring back to being straight even if the fabric is screwed up in a heap at the bottom of the washing basket! So creases fall out of the fabric, giving you a true non-iron garment!In addition the wires in the s leeves have a memory which is activated at a given temperature (for example 38 C) causing the sleeves to roll themselves up and keeping the wearer cool. PIIEZOELECTRIIC MATERIIALS The piezoelectric effect was discovered in 1880 by Jaques and Pierre Curie who conducted a number of experiments using quartz crystals. This probably makes piezoelectric materials the oldest type of smart material. These materials, which are mainly ceramics, have since found a number of uses. What is the piezoelectric effect?The piezoelectric effect and electrostriction are opposite phenomena and both relate a shape change with voltage. As with SMAs the shape change is associated with a change in the crystal structure of the material and piezoelectric materials also exhibit two crystalline forms. One form is ordered and this relates to the polarisation of the molecules. The second state is nonpolarised and this is disordered. If a voltage is applied to the non-polarised material a shape change occurs as th e molecules reorganise to align in the electrical field. This is known as electrostriction.Conversely, an electrical field is generated if a mechanical force is applied to the material to change its shape. This is the piezoelectric effect. The main advantage of these materials is the almost instantaneous change in the shape of the material or the generation of an electrical field. What materials exhibit this effect? The piezoelectric effect was first observed in quartz and various other crystals such as tourmaline. Barium titanate and cadmium sulphate have also been shown to demonstrate the effect but by far the most commonly used piezoelectric ceramic today is lead zirconium titanate (PZT).The physical properties of PZT can be controlled by changing the chemistry of the material and how it is processed. There are limitations associated with PZT; like all ceramics it is brittle giving rise to mechanical durability issues and there are also problems associated with joining it with ot her components in a system. Where are piezoelectric materials used? The main use of piezoelectric ceramics is in actuators. An actuator can be described as a component or material which converts energy (in this case electrical) in to mechanical form.When a electric field is applied to the piezoelectric material it changes its shape very rapidly and very precisely in accordance with the magnitude of the field. Applications exploiting the electrostrictive effect of piezoelectric materials include actuators in the semiconductor industry in the systems used for handling silicon wafers, in the microbiology field in microscopic cell handling systems, in fibre optics and acoustics, in ink-jet printers where fine movement control is necessary and for vibration damping.The piezoelectric effect can also be used in sensors which generate an electrical field in response to a mechanical force. This is useful in damping systems and earthquake detection systems in buildings. But the most well know n application is in the sensors which deploy car airbags. The material changes in shape with the impact thus generating a field which deploys the airbag. A novel use of these materials, which exploits both the piezoelectric and electrostrictive effects, is in smart skis which have been designed to perform well on both soft and hard snow. Piezoelectric sensors detect vibrations (i. e. he shape of the ceramic detector is changed resulting in the generation of a field) and the electrostrictive property of the material is then exploited by generating an opposing shape change to cancel out the vibration. The system uses three piezoelectric elements which detect and cancel out large vibrations in real time since the reaction time of the ceramics is very small . By passing an alternating voltage across these materials a vibration is produced. This process is very efficient and almost all of the electrical energy is converted into motion. Possible uses of this property are silent alarms for pagers which fit into a wrist watch.The vibration is silent at low frequencies but at high frequencies an audible sound is also produced. This leads to the concept of solid state speakers based on piezoelectric materials which could also be miniaturised. Do polymers exhibit these effects? Ionic polymers work in a similar way to piezoelectric ceramics, however they need to be wet to function. An electrical current is passed through the polymer when it is wet to produce a change in its crystal structure and thus its shape. Muscle fibres are essentially polymeric and operate in a similar way, so research in this field has focussed on potential uses in medicine. ature of the piezoelectric effect making them invaluable for the niche applications which they occupy. MAGNETOSTRIICTIIVE MATERIIALS Magnetostrictive materials are similar to piezoelectric and electrostrictive materials except the change in shape is related to a magnetic field rather than an electrical field. What are magnetost rictive materials? Magnetostrictive materials convert magnetic to mechanical energy or vice versa. The magnetostrictive effect was first observed in 1842 by James Joule who noticed that a sample of nickel exhibited a change in length when it was magnetised.The other ferromagnetic elements (cobalt and iron) were also found to demonstrate the effect as were alloys of these materials. During the 1960s terbium and dysprosium were also found to be magnetostrictive but only at low temperatures which limited their use, despite the fact that the size change was many times greater than that of nickel. The most common magnetostrictive material today is called TERFENOL-D (terbium (TER), iron (FE), Naval Ordanance Laboratory (NOL) and dysprosium (D)). This alloy of terbium, iron and dysprosium shows a large magnetostrictive effect and is used in transducers and actuators.The original observation of the magnetostrictive effect became known as the Joule effect, but other effects have also been ob served. The Villari effect is the opposite of the Joule effect, that is applying a stress to the material causes a change in its magnetization. Applying a torsional force to a magnetostrictive material generates a helical magnetic field and this is known as the Matteuci effect. Its inverse is the Wiedemann effect in which the material twists in the presence of a helical magnet field.How do magnetostrictive materials work? Magnetic materials contain domains which can be likened to tiny magnets within the material. When an external magnetic field is applied the domains rotate to align with this field and this results in a shape change as. Conversely if the material is squashed or stretched by means of an external force the domains are forced to move and this causes a change in the magnetisation. Where are magnetostrictive materials used? Magnetostrictive materials can be used as both actuators (where a magnetic ield is applied to cause a shape change) and sensors (which convert a move ment into a magnetic field). In actuators the magnetic field is usually generated by passing an electrical current along a wire. Likewise the electrical current generated by the magnetic field arising from a shape change is usually measured in sensors. Early applications of magnetostrictive materials included telephone receivers, hydrophones, oscillators and scanning sonar. The development of alloys with better properties led to the use of these materials in a wide variety of applications.Ultrasonic magnetostrictive transducers have been used in ultrasonic cleaners and surgical tools. Other applications include hearing aids, razorblade sharpeners, linear motors, damping systems, positioning equipment, and sonar. MAGNETO– AND ELECTRO RHEOLOGIICAL MATERIIALS All of the groups of smart materials discussed so far have been based on solids. However, there are also smart fluids which change their rheological properties in accordance with their environment. What are smart fluids? Th ere are two types of smart fluids which were both discovered in the 1940s.Electro-rheological (ER) materials change their properties with the application of an electrical field and consist of an insulating oil such as mineral oil containing a dispersion of solid particles (early experiments used starch, stone, carbon, silica, gypsum and lime). Magnetorheological materials (MR) are again based on a mineral or silicone oil carrier but this time the solid dispersed within the fluid is a magnetically soft material (such as iron) and the properties of the fluid are altered by applying a magnetic field. In both cases the dispersed particles are of the order of microns in size.How do smart fluids work? In both cases the smart fluid changes from a fluid to a solid with the application of the relevant field. The small particles in the fluid align and are attracted to each other resulting in a dramatic change in viscosity as shown in Figure 7. The effect takes milliseconds to occur and is com pletely reversible by the removal of the field. Figure 8 clearly shows the effect of a magnet on such an MR fluid. With ER fluids a field strength of up to 6kV/mm is needed and for MR fluids a magnetic field of less than 1Tesla is needed. Where are smart fluids used?Uses of these unusual materials in civil engineering, robotics and manufacturing Electrodes Suspension fluid Particle Figure 7 – Schematic diagram showing the structure of a electrorheological fluid between two electrodes. The top figure shows the structure in a low field strength where the particles are randomly distributed. When a higher field strength is applied, as in the bottom diagram, the particles align causing a change in the viscosity of the fluid. Figure 8 – A puddle of magnetorheological fluid stiffens in the presence of a magnetic field. courtesy of Sandy Hill / University of Rochester) are being explored. But the first industries to identify uses were the automotive and aerospace industries wh ere the fluids are used in vibration damping and variable torque transmission. MR dampers are used to control the suspension in cars to allow the feel of the ride to be varied. Dampers are also used in prosthetic limbs to allow the patient to adapt to various movements for example the change from running to walking. Future Scope: The future of smart materials and structures is wide open.The use of smart materials in a product and the type of smart structures that one can design are only limited by one’s talents, capabilities, and ability to ‘‘think outside the box. ’’ In an early work5 and as part of short courses there were discussions pertaining to future considerations. A lot of the brainstorming that resulted from these efforts is now being explored. Some ideas that were in the conceptual stage are now moving forward. Look at the advances in information and comforts provided through smart materials and structures in automobiles. Automobiles can b e taken to a garage for service and be hooked p to a diagnostic computer that tells the mechanic what is wrong with the car. Or a light on the dashboard signals ‘‘maintenance required. ’’ Would it not be better for the light to inform us as to the exact nature of the problem and the severity of it? This approach mimics a cartoon that appeared several years ago of an air mechanic near a plane in a hanger. The plane says ‘‘Ouch’’ and the mechanic says ‘‘Where do you hurt? ’’ One application of smart materials is the work mentioned earlier of piezoelectric inkjet printer that serves as a chemical delivery to print organic light-emitting polymers in a fine detail on various media.Why not take the same application to synthesize smaller molecules? With the right set one could synthesize smaller molecules in significant amounts for characterization and evaluation and in such a way that we could design experiments with relative ease. A new class of smart materials has appeared in the literature. This is the group of smart adhesives. We previously mentioned that PVDF film strips have been placed within an adhesive joint to monitor performance. Khongtong and Ferguson developed a smart adhesive at Lehigh University. 0 They suggested that this new adhesive could form an antifouling coating for boat hulls or for controlling cell adhesion in surgery. The stickiness of the new adhesive can be switched on and off with changes in temperature. The smart adhesive also becomes water repellent when its tackiness wanes. 50 The term ‘‘smart adhesive’’ is appearing more frequently in the literature. A topic of research that was in the literature a few years ago was ‘‘smart clothes’’ or ‘‘wearable computers’’ being studied at MIT. The potential of this concept is enormous. This sounds wonderful as long as we learn how to work smart er, not longer.CONCLUSION: From the abilities of the smart material to respond the environmental changes the conclusion arises that ‘‘smart’’ in the name do not meet the definition of being smart, that is, responding to the environment in a reversible manner. Due to their properties they must deserve a great future. REFERENCES [1]Mechanical Engineers’ Handbook: Materials and Mechanical Design, Volume 1, Third Edition. Edited by Myer Kutz. [2]www. memorymetals. co. uk [3] www. nitinol. com [4] www. sma-inc. com [5]www. cs. ualberta. ca/~database/MEMS/sma_mems/sma. html [6]http://virtualskies. arc. nasa. gov/research/youdecide/Shapememalloys. html

Philadelphia Area Colleges and Universities

Definition and Examples of the Yes-No Question

https://www.thoughtco.com/inflection-grammar-term-1691168Also known as a  polar interrogative, a  polar question, and a  bipolar question,  a yes-no question is an interrogative construction  (such as, Are you ready?) that expects an answer of either yes or no.  Wh- questions,  on the other hand, can have a number of answers, and potentially more than one correct answer.  In  yes-no  questions, an  auxiliary verb  typically appears  in front of  the  subject—a formation called  subject-auxiliary inversion (SAI).   Three Varieties of Yes-No Questions There are three types of yes-no questions: the inverted question, the inversion with an alternative (which may require more than a simple yes or no  answer),  and the tag question. Are you going? (inversion)Are you staying or going? (inversion with an alternative)Youre going, arent you? (tag) In an inverted question, the subject and the first verb of the verb phrase  are inverted when that verb is either a modal or an auxiliary verb or with the verb be and sometimes have.   She is leaving on Wednesday. (statement)Is she leaving on Wednesday? (question) The question itself may be positive or negative. A positive question appears to be neutral with regard to the expected response—yes or no. A negative question seems to hold out the distinct possibility of a negative response, however, inflection is also a factor that can influence a yes/no response. Are you going? (Yes/No)Arent you going? (No) The Use of Yes-No Questions in Polls and Surveys Yes-no question are often used in surveys to gauge peoples attitudes with regard to specific ideas or beliefs. When enough data is gathered, those conducting the survey will have a measure based on a percentage of the population of how acceptable or unacceptable a proposition is. Here are some typical examples of survey questions: Are you in favor of premarital sex? ___ Yes ___ NoDo you support gun control?  ___ Yes ___ NoShould people be required  to spay/neuter their pets?  ___ Yes ___ NoDo you believe global warming is a hoax?___ Yes ___ NoDo you plan to vote in the next election?___ Yes ___ No Another way to pose yes-no survey questions is in the form of a statement. Women and men can just be friends.  ___ Yes ___ NoGuests are always welcome here.  ___ Yes ___ NoMy mom is the best cook in the world.  ___ Yes ___ NoIve read at least 50 books from the library.  ___ Yes ___ NoI will never eat pizza with pineapple on it.  ___ Yes ___ No Typically, pollsters ask questions that will elicit yes or no answers. Is it necessary to point out that such answers do not give a robust meaning to the phrase public opinion? Were you, for example, to answer No to the question Do you think the drug problem can be reduced by government programs? one would hardly know much of interest or value about your opinion. But allowing you to speak or write at length on the matter would, of course, rule out using statistics.—From Technopoly: The Surrender of Culture to Technology by Neil Postman Examples  of Yes-No Questions Homer: Are you an angel?Moe:  Yes, Homer. All us angels wear Farrah slacks.—The Simpsons Directing a movie is a very overrated job, we all know it. You just have to say yes or no. What else do you do? Nothing. Maestro, should this be red? Yes. Green? No. More extras? Yes. More lipstick? No. Yes. No. Yes. No. Thats directing.—Judi Dench as Liliane La Fleur in Nine Principal McGee: Are you just going to stand there all day?Sonny: No maam. I mean, yes maam. I mean, no maam.Principal McGee: Well, which is it?Sonny: Um, no maam.—Eve Arden and Michael Tucci in Grease Sources​ Wardhaugh, Ronald.Understanding English Grammar: A Linguistic  Approach. Wiley-Blackwell, 2003Evans,  Annabel Ness;  Rooney,  Bryan J.  Methods in Psychological Research, Second Edition. Sage, 2011Postman, Neil. Technopoly: The Surrender of Culture to Technology. Alfred A. Knopf, 1992

Is Macbeth a Tragedy - 2186 Words

A tragedy is often thought of as a sad, pitiful event. The factors used to label an event as tragic are the consequences and the lasting effects. For example, the consequences of one or more deaths can be seen as a tragedy. And tragedies are often remembered long after the event, clearly impacting the future for those involved. Many people interpret events such as a natural disaster, a death of a loved one, or a permanent disability as tragic. However, others say that this definition of a tragedy is incorrect and is misused in modern conversation. The people who think this way use the word tragedy to define literature. The literary definition of the word requires more careful consideration of the character and the overall effect of the†¦show more content†¦He shows this by saying if he had â€Å"died and hour before this chance, [he would have] lived a blessed time† (2.3.103-104). Without a doubt, the play arouses fear and pity in the audience. In addition to arousing pity and fear in the audience, the play calls into question man’s relationship with God. At the start of the play, Macbeth’s relationship with God is good. Macbeth fought nobly and courageously for a good cause, defeating the traitor to the king. Similarly, at the end of the play, Young Siward also fights nobly and dies for a good cause, defeating Macbeth. For this reason, Young Siward is described as â€Å"God’s soldier† (5.8.55). Therefore, Macbeth could also be described as â€Å"God’s soldier† (5.8.55) up until he murders Duncan. As the King of Scotland, Duncan can be viewed as God. By killing Duncan, Macbeth has killed God. As a result, Macbeth has become the opposite of God, the devil. From this point on, Macbeth’s relationship with God is bad. At the scene of the murder, Macbeth could not say â€Å"Amen.† After committing a terrible crime, he â€Å"had most need of blessing, and ‘Amenâ€℠¢ stuck in [his] throat† (2.2.47-48). These events show that Macbeth’s relationship with God is questionable, which is one of the characteristics of a tragedy in literature. Another characteristic of a literary tragedy is that the tragic figure must be capable of great suffering. The tragic figure inShow MoreRelatedThe Tragedy Of Macbeth And Macbeth1510 Words   |  7 Pagesone of the most famous authors in the history of old and modern english texts. While living through the 1500s-1600s, and having very little knowledge of psychological issues, Shakespeare portrayed mental illnesses in Macbeth fairly accurately. The characters in the tragedy of Macbeth show many characteristics and warning signs of mental disorders such as Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), schizophrenia and depression. Since there is scarce evidence of medical testing and research with the mindRead MoreMacbeth - Tragedy Essay1351 Words   |  6 Pagesclassical view, tragedy should arouse feelings of pity and fear in the audience. Does Macbeth do this? Tragedy has most definitely influenced the viewers thoughts on Macbeth within this play. In Shakespeares Macbeth, the audience sees a gradual breakdown in the character of Macbeth himself, due to the tragic events that unfold during the play. This has a direct effect on the audiences views and thoughts of Macbeth, thus creating pity and fear within the audience. Macbeth, being a man andRead More Macbeth - Tragedy Essay1224 Words   |  5 Pageshistories to tragedies. Perhaps one of his most famous in the tragedy genre is Macbeth. Though Shakespeare can be considered as a scholar in the sense that he was both a renowned and prolific playwright, look back a few hundred years to find Aristotle, one of the most famous scholars and philosophers of all time. In his treatise titled Poetics, he defends poetry against criticism as well as sets standards for tragedies in quot;The Nature of Tragedy,quot; a section of the Poetics. Is Macbeth fit to beRead MoreAnalysis Of The Tragedy Of Macbeth1 207 Words   |  5 Pages The ‘Tragedy of Macbeth’ (also known as ‘Macbeth’) is a play written by William Shakespeare and it was first performed in 1606. This play presents plenty of themes through the action and dialogue throughout the play. Although the play is universally and most commonly referred to as the dark tragedy presented by Shakespeare. The most common themes that were introduced to the audience tend to be femininity versus masculinity, pride and honor, the role of supernatural, temptation and evil and a lotRead More Macbeth - Tragedy Essay1313 Words   |  6 Pagesthe classical view, tragedy should arouse feelings of pity and fear in the audience. Does Macbeth do this? Tragedy has most definitely influenced the viewer’s thoughts on Macbeth within this play. In Shakespeare’s Macbeth, the audience sees a gradual breakdown in the character of Macbeth himself, due to the tragic events that unfold during the play. 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The Importance of Leadership in the Organizatio Free Essays

In every organization, whether small or large-scale, there is an unambiguous need for a leader. This leader is usually the owner or manager of the business but in some instances may also be an employee who possesses the ability to influence the actions of his or her co-workers. Effective leadership generally makes for a successful business organization. We will write a custom essay sample on The Importance of Leadership in the Organizatio or any similar topic only for you Order Now Conversely, the absence of, or ineffective use of leadership can have dire consequences on the organization for without leadership, organizations may move too slowly, stagnate, or lose their way. Leadership is defined as â€Å"the process of influencing the activities of an organized group in its efforts toward goal setting and goal achievement† (Stogdill, 1950, p. 3). Hogan et al (1994) posit that leadership is persuasion not domination, and so true leadership only occurs when others willingly adopt the goals of a group as their own. In a group setting, the individuals who make up the group all have different experiences, values, beliefs and needs. As such, they all have unique views of the world and will support differing ideas. The role of the leader in these instances is to point the individuals of the group in the same direction and harness their efforts jointly. The leader must ensure that each member of the group has an equal opportunity to express their thoughts and ideas. Therefore, a successful and effective leader must be patient and open-minded. If employees perceive that the leader is being unfair or biased, conflict will arise as they (the employees) react to the perceived injustices. It is important to note that the positions of manager and leader are entirely different. Leaders develop visions and drive changes while managers monitor progress and solve problems (Zalenik, 1977). However, sound leadership is a key skill which all managers should possess. A manager can not effectively perform his duties without the ability to lead the individuals in the organization. A leader must be someone respected and looked up to by those in the organization. Thus, the employees will freely follow the path charted by the leader in order to achieve organizational goals. Moreover, a well-liked leader usually means that employees are satisfied with their job environment and are therefore more motivated and determined to see a task or project through to the end. Employees who feel appreciated in the organization usually display a higher quality of work and also higher levels of productivity are also associated with workers who favour their leader. On the other hand, ineffective leadership can result in reduced motivation and dissatisfaction of employees. Unclearly defined goals and an unsatisfactory work environment, symptoms of improper leadership result in frustrated workers which will eventually result in workers exiting the workplace or neglecting their duties. As a result the output efficiency of the organization suffers and its yield will decline. How to cite The Importance of Leadership in the Organizatio, Essay examples

Diversity in the Workplace

Question: Whyhasdiversityintheworkplacebeengivensomuchattentionlately? Answer: Introduction Diversity in places of work encompasses racial, sexual and religious differences by the employees of an organization. Moreover, a diverse organization should have people of different age groups, disabled workers, people whose lifestyles differ and even those with different physical traits (Fassinger, 2008). Initially, several organizations did not see the need to have a diverse human resource. Most only employed people from various backgrounds so that they may seem equitable( Rice, 2015). Interestingly, it has been discovered that a diverse human resource is more beneficial than a nearly homogenous one. As a result, several corporations give a lot of attention to this area. A diverse workplace can be described as a mosaic, meaning that individuals within that environment retain their individuality as they contribute to the goals of the organization (Canas, and Sondak, 2013). A look at some of the advantages of such working places can give us insights on how why most organizations are keen on having a diverse workforce. Discussion Organizations that are keen to adapt to fluctuations in the markets have to ensure that their workers are from different backgrounds. This is because the employees bring a variety of solutions to a particular problem (Barak,2016). The ideas generated by the employees during sourcing, allocation of resources, or while in service are from several perspectives meaning that the best solution to the problem will be found. Besides, the ideas generated most of the time target particular groups in the market who are well known by a given section of the employees (Barak,2016). The change in the consumer tastes hence can be noticed very fast and the appropriate action taken so that the grip on the market is not lost. As a result, it is a good idea to make sure there are people from different places in an organization. There is also better service provision, meaning that companies having a diverse human resource tend to have more satisfied customers. This has also contributed to the keenness of businesses on the issue of diversity (Herring,2009). A client who is able to, for example, relate to an individual in the organization or feel that he or she has something in common with a person within the organization will trust it. He or she might feel free to consult those they feel linked to for any clarification or advice in case the need arises (Roberge and van Dick,2010). They, as a result, get satisfied by the devices of the organization and may even influence others to transact with the organization. People from different groups do not share a similar organizational culture. Hence, they define their experiences within their set of cultural systems. The various groups present in a diverse organization identify or define their experience uniquely (Pitts, and Recascino Wise, 2010). Most of the time, females hold lower positions and thus view the organization from a perspective different from their male counterparts at the top who are usually more salaried (Nishii, 2013). In addition, other minorities in any organization interpret occurrences differently from the majority. As a result, they tend to execute they perform better since some problems may be opportunities to other groups. Moreover, those from the minority may are able to perform their duties better due to the cohesion and understanding between themselves. This results in companies that produce faster. Diversity also makes companies find talented or gifted people very easily. Sometimes there may be a need for certain skills such as mathematical ability or analytical competencies in an organization. The identification of individuals with the skills required would require the organization to search far and wide, and at times train those whom they find to meet their objective. This would be time-consuming and costly. A diverse organization raises the chances of having uniquely gifted individuals. Moreover, they are easy to identify when they work for the organization. Managers will only need to make inquiries about the background of the people whom they suspect of being gifted in certain fields based on the traits of the people from their country or background. If for example he or she comes from a region where most of the population are astute business persons it would be safe to assume that due to the influence of others the person in question is probably good in that sector. Hence , companies need a diverse workforce. The amount of revenue that organizations receive as a result of having employees from different backgrounds is also higher than those from homogeneous organizations. This is the reason why several companies, notably Solectron, based in the Silicon Valley are keen on implementing and improving diversity programs. The revenues of the firm at some point tripled after it launched a cultural awareness program for its employees, making them win the Baldridge Prize. The success of the company can be attributed to the efficiency of the different groups that work for the organization (Brown, 2007). Another company that managed to increase its revenue significantly is Voice Processing Corp, which has people from different countries. The marketing of their product has been successful because of the number of markets that they are able to penetrate as a result of a workforce composed of people from different nationalities. This proves that diversity increases access to markets, and has the poten tial of making company operations global. Consequently, several companies are now keen on making their human resource as diverse as possible. Another reason why companies are keen to embrace diversity is that of the lower cost of labor in a diverse organization. This scenario is evident in countries that accept a lot of immigrants every year. Most of these people move to their new localities with the aim of finding greener pastures, meaning that they can settle for less when it comes to the wages they receive. Natives on the other hand, due to the presence of institutions such as labor unions rarely accept low payment. Hiring for the purpose of cheaper skilled labor may be seen as manipulation by some people, even though it is a clever business strategy. However, countries that have organizations whose workforce demand too much money as salary are keen on diversifying so that they may make a good profit. Diversity Challenges and opportunities Workplaces consisting of people from different ethnic groups, age gaps, lifestyles or gender, do are also faced with some challenges because of the differences in beliefs, cultures or values of their workforce. These challenges may translate to poor relationships or seclusion of some groups within the organization. Communication between different groups in such a company may be difficult. There may be language barriers in such environments. Moreover, differences in accents can make the employees fail to understand one another within a short time hence making them fail to meet some objectives of the organization (Harvey and Allard, 2015). Besides, there are chances that failure to communicate effectively can lead to frustrations and thus strained relationships between the workers. The minority groups may also feel alienated when have to clarify themselves continually. It is hence important for organizations to ensure that they develop ways of avoiding problems in communication as a result of differences in the nationalities of their workers. Resistance to change is another issue that can face such organizations. There is always some level of competition between employees from different groups. When they manage to meet an objective successfully, chances are that they will try as much as possible to maintain their position as a successful lot. This would translate to rigidity. Other groups fail to adapt to new practices because they may feel that such changes would compromise their beliefs or culture (Jackson and Joshi, 2011). Failure to change would result in stagnation in specific departments. In addition, adapting to new market demands for the organization would be a bit difficult when a group chooses to remain rigid. Hence, managers need to be keen when dealing with people from diverse backgrounds. The management may also be faced with difficulty when trying to implement policies that encourage diversity. There may be discord between the majority and minority groups when they feel that minority are granted more freedom ( Ozbilgin and Tatli, 2008). Accommodation of different cultural values may take a lot of time as the management tries to find ways of not making some section of the human resource not feel that they are being sidelined. During the implementation of the developed policies, there are chances that some people may even quit working for these organizations because of suspicion that their working conditions may deteriorate as a result of the inclusion of people that they do not like. There is always prejudice or misplaced belief about people from various backgrounds meaning that policies that favor them can be viewed as a betrayal by other workers. Hence managers need to make sure that the policies that they intend to use for the purpose of creating an inclusive workf orce are carefully evaluated and in case they may cause discord, they need to be modified. Generation gap may also cause problems in organizations that have embraced diversity. Chances are that, due to the differences in the perspectives of these people, they may fail to work in unison. Moreover, their views may differ on several issues resulting in friction between them (Kapoor and Solomon, 2011). Cliques may be triggered thereby making teamwork difficult to achieve. Teenagers and young adults may also fail to understand their older counterparts or behave in ways that are considered inappropriate when they interact with themselves. (Jackson, and Joshi, 2011) Besides, the younger workers may consider their older counterparts as being backward at times or even have the notion that they are better suited for working for the organization due to their knowledge or ability to use the latest technology. Hence, managers need to make sure that there is no discord between people who belong to different generations. Organizations that have not implemented diversity programs need to do so because it is a powerful tool not only for increasing the production of the firms but also portraying the business as a friendly, inclusive corporation (Trompenaars and Hampden-Turner,2011). Several diversity programs serve to prevent harassment of specific groups such as women and those from other nations. A good reputation makes it easy gain global access to the markets. Managers also need to train on diversity management if they are to realize the benefits of having a workforce composed of different people (Wales, Gorman, and Hope, 2010). To sum up, diversity also brings the opportunity of accessing cheap labor since people from other nations or even gender tend not to demand high wages compared to the locals and the majority. As a result, organizations that feel their operation costs are high as a consequence of the wages spent on payment of their workers can turn to diversity as a way of making things bette r. Conclusion To sum up, when the benefits and challenges as a result of diversity are compared it is evident that firms need to have people from different backgrounds. It is also prudent for managers to try and foster equality in the workplace. Areas that are overlooked when promoting equality and diversity such as gender balance need to be keenly addressed. When organization take diversity seriously, chances are that they will prosper. Most organizations are of late keen on embracing diversity because they have realized that there are a lot of benefits that result from having a workforce which consists of people from different backgrounds, ethnicities or even races. They have discovered that productivity is increased when the workforce is not homogenous as initially assumed by most companies. Moreover, they are able to expand their market by opening branches in the countries that those who work for the organizations belong to. In addition, the companies tend to have more satisfied customers mean ing that their growth is inevitable since customers tend to recommend such places to friends or family. Diversifying the human resource in an organization also has some challenges. These include the resistance to change, or adapt by sections of the workers. Besides, it is also difficult to implement policies that promote equality among the workers. In addition, generation gap and prejudice can cause communication problems between the workers. However, companies need to make an attempt of being diverse. References Barak, M.E.M., 2016.Managing Diversity: Toward a Globally Inclusive workplace. Sage Publications. Brown, M.G., 2007.The pocket guide to the Baldrige award criteria. CRC Press. Canas, K. and Sondak, H., 2013.Opportunities and challenges of workplace diversity. Pearson Higher Ed. Dychtwald, K., Erickson, T.J., and Morison, R., 2013.Workforce Crisis: How to Beat the coming shortage of skills and talent. Harvard Business Press. Fassinger, R.E., 2008. Workplace diversity and public policy: Challenges and opportunities for psychology.American Psychologist,63(4), p.252. Harvey, C.P., and Allard, M., 2015.Understanding and managing diversity. Pearson. Herring, C., 2009. Does diversity pay?: Race, gender, and the business case for diversity.American Sociological Review,74(2), pp.208-224. Jackson, S.E. and Joshi, A., 2011. Work team diversity. Kapoor, C. and Solomon, N., 2011. Understanding and managing generational differences in the workplace.Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes,3(4), pp.308-318. Nishii, L.H., 2013. The benefits of climate for inclusion for gender-diverse groups.Academy of Management Journal,56(6), pp.1754-1774. Ozbilgin, M. and Tatli, A., 2008.Global diversity management: An evidence-based approach. Palgrave Macmillan. Pitts, D.W. and Recascino Wise, L., 2010. Workforce diversity in the new Millennium: Prospects for research.Review of public personnel administration,30(1), pp.44-69. Rice, M.F., 2015.Diversity and public administration. ME Sharpe. Roberge, M.E., and Van Dick, R., 2010. Recognizing the benefits of diversity: When and how does diversity increase group performance?.Human Resource Management Review,20(4), pp.295-308. Trompenaars, F. and Hampden-Turner, C., 2011.Riding the waves of culture: Understanding diversity in global business. Nicholas Brealey Publishing. Wales, A., Gorman, M., and Hope, D., 2010.Big Business, Big Responsibilities: From Villains to Visionaries: How Companies are Tackling the World's Greatest Challenges. Palgrave Macmillan.