ICT Sample Work Welcome Centre Requirements Essay Example for Free

ICT Sample Work Welcome Center Requirements Essay CLM (Christian Life Ministries) is a congregation situated in Coventry City Center. Being an enrolled foundation, they needed to take a gander at manners by which they could fund-raise to help account its different exercises, a considerable lot of which advantage the neighborhood and global network. In 2000, The Welcome Center was propelled, in which a group of individuals began utilizing the structure setting to give a cooking and cordiality administration to paying clients, who were searching for some place where they could hold meetings and occasions, recruit gear and to have food served. The clients who pay to utilize the administrations of the Welcome Center are either business clients, for example, Coventry City Council, nearby schools or universities, or other cause based associations. Noble cause would have the option to utilize the offices at a limited rate contrasted with business clients. Clients enlist the administrations of The Welcome Center for a wide range of sorts of occasions, from huge gatherings to preparing days and little gatherings. The Welcome Center has up to 4 rooms that can be recruited (Grace Room, Grace Room 1, The Elegance Suite, The Serenity Suite), and each room has a limit somewhere in the range of 20 and 250 individuals. Just as employing a room, clients have the choice of recruiting extra hardware, for example, an information projector, video projector, OHP, PA gear and Flip Charts. The cost for recruiting gear is on a 1/multi day premise. An occasion may need an assortment of providing food alternatives as well. The Welcome Center can give drinks (for example tea, espresso, cold beverages), just as different food alternatives (Finger Buffet, Finger Buffet with Dessert, Hot Buffet with Dessert). Since opening, the accomplishment of the association has developed quickly. This is because of the agreeableness of the staff, just as the degree of administration advertised. Subsequently, the group has developed from 2 to 7 individuals. They are hoping to extend, and with a future structure venture in progress as well, they would like to have the option to offer considerably bigger offices for up to 650 individuals, just as to develop their current client base. Issue IDENTIFICATION As the business is developing, the staff are getting progressively busier. One of the key issues is that a manual booking framework is utilized. A client will call or email with a solicitation for a gathering. The staff will record some fundamental insights regarding the occasion, for example, the contacts name, occasion name and date and time of the gathering. They will likewise approach the client for the quantity of representatives, and in this manner decide the number and size of rooms required. Cooking necessities for food and refreshments, just as the recruit of gear will likewise be recorded. This data will all be recorded in a focal paper-based journal, which can regularly get untidy as clients some of the time telephone to drop or change their booking, implying that the penmanship can get incomprehensible. This could then prompt mix-ups being made, for example, twofold appointments, or not getting everyones prerequisites right for a meeting. Chris Ruck, one of the group, will some of the time word process the citation onto a fundamental clear layout created in Word Processing programming (MS Word). In the wake of making the citation, he will at that point spare it onto his PC. He will now and again do likewise for solicitations. The issue with this is a similar data is being entered up to multiple times; once in the journal, besides on the citation, and thirdly onto a receipt. Copying the data once in a while prompts little composing botches showing up on the archives. Likewise, it burns through Chris significant time that could be utilized for different assignments, for example, getting ready spaces for meetings. Invoicing is a significant assignment for The Welcome Center, as it is the manner in which it demands installment from a client once a gathering has occurred. Tony will regularly to need to make 20 to 30 solicitations one after another. Sadly, Tony Williams has exceptionally restricted involvement in PCs. In the event that Chris isn't accessible and solicitations must be conveyed, Tony should work out a receipt by hand into a clear layout. This is very tedious for him, and as the General Manager, he has a lot progressively significant employments that he could be doing. Additionally, written by hand solicitations don't look proficient, thus these should be made and printed from a PC to give a superior corporate picture. Tony at times needs to handwrite citations too for similar reasons. Extension The extension for this assignment is to discover a method of entering booking subtleties for meetings, and to make a citation for that gathering. Making solicitations won't be remembered for this errand. Likewise, to rearrange the assignment, we will concentrate on business clients just and not good cause clients, as the costs are for the most part unique. Subtleties OF CLIENT, USER(S) AND AUDIENCE (IF APPLICABLE) Distinguishing proof OF THE CLIENT The customer for this task is Tony Williams, who is the General Manager of the Welcome Center. Tonys job incorporates making the rota of when his group are working, taking booking subtleties from clients for future meetings and arranging costs if material. Tony is additionally associated with making citations for a gathering booking to illuminate the client the amount it will cost. He may likewise make solicitations for a gathering that has occurred to demand installment. He will likewise need to monitor installments for meetings by clients, and pursue any remarkable installments. He is likewise very active in his job, and he will bolster his staff with serving and room set-up when required. The answer for this errand should meet Tonys necessities. Recognizable proof OF THE USER(S) The clients of this arrangement will be the Tony Williams (the customer), just as Anita Fox and Chris Ruck. Anita and Chris are additionally answerable for entering subtleties of client appointments into the journal, and creating citations and solicitations for them. In this manner, they will effectively utilize the arrangement by changing the client and booking sources of info and sending the citation that is created (yield) to the client. Anita likewise deals with the records and sorts out the regularly scheduled finance for the representatives. Distinguishing proof OF ANY AUDIENCE The Audience is any individual who may take a gander at the yields, yet not change the substance of the arrangement. Most of this arrangement will be utilized by The Welcome Center staff, and in this way these individuals will be clients and not a group of people. In any case, Quotations will be seen by Customers as these are the intended interest group of this report. Evaluation OF SKILLS OF USER(S) Tony will utilize the arrangement, however has extremely restricted ICT aptitudes. He is a finished beginner at utilizing PCs. He will require initial preparing that incorporates: * Logging in to the system * File Management (documents and organizers making, renaming, moving, replicating) * Word Processing (Use of word records, document the executives opening/sparing, organizing) * Spreadsheets (Use of spreadsheets, document the executives opening/sparing, arranging, working with numerous worksheets) * Using the arrangement that is made Anita will likewise utilize the arrangement and is a transitional client. She can login, sort out documents and organizers, word process, utilize essential highlights of spreadsheet programming, utilize an internet browser to ride the web, and can likewise utilize her records bundle. She will require preparing that incorporates: * Spreadsheets (Advanced course including the chronicle, use and the executives of macros, utilizing formulae and capacities) * Using the arrangement that is made Chris is a greater amount of a propelled client, and can do the entirety of the above to a progressively perplexing level, just as use illustrations and multi-media bundles for configuration work. He will require preparing that incorporates: * Spreadsheets (Advanced course including the chronicle, use and the board of macros, utilizing formulae and capacities) * Using the arrangement that is made Customer INTERVIEW An underlying meeting was held with Tony Williams, and coming up next is a synopsis of what he stated: 1. What is The Welcome Center and would you be able to give me some foundation data to the association? The Welcome Center was propelled in 2000, as a gathering place for business and magnanimous clients, offering them a friendliness administration. The administration incorporates room enlist, hardware recruit too a cooking choices. Clients utilize the administrations gave by the Welcome Center to different reasons from enormous gatherings, to little gatherings and preparing days. 2. Who are the staff at the Welcome Center and what do they do? Tony Williams is the General Manager, whose job incorporates making the rota of when his group are working, taking booking subtleties from clients for future gatherings and arranging costs if appropriate. Tony is additionally engaged with making citations and solicitations by hand. He likewise monitors installments for meetings by clients, and pursues any extraordinary installments. He is additionally very active in his job, and he will bolster his staff with serving and room set-up when required. There are a few different representatives. Chris Ruck is the Assistant Manager of the unpredictable, who takes appointments, sets up for meetings, and furthermore types up citations and solicitations. He takes care of the specialized prerequisites of a gathering, for example, IT needs and P.A. hardware. Anita Fax is the Administrator, who has duty regarding accounts and arranging the regularly scheduled finance for the representatives. There are likewise 4 other low maintenance staff, including a cleaner just as gathering aides. 3. What are the issues that ICT could assist with fathoming? One of the key issues is that a manual booking framework is utilized, whereby booking data is recorded in a paper-based journal. The data is along these lines not effectively sharable and penmanship will get chaotic as appointments are corrected or dropped. Additionally, citations and solicitations are either composed into a clear format report or written by hand. This prompts a duplication of the booking data bringing about slip-ups, just as being tedious. Transcribed reports are not proficient. 4. What do you need the ICT solut

Thomas Paine :: essays research papers

Thomas Paine In September of 1776, on the edges of Newark, among the worn out, debilitated, fighters, as they delayed from their day by day retreat, sat Thomas Paine. He composed numerous papers that would majorly affect the result of the journey for autonomy. Brought into the world the child of a Quaker Laymaker on January 29th, 1737 at Thetford, Norfolk England. He got essential rudimentary training, and began to work for his dad as an understudy, and later as an extract official. He was not a gigantic accomplishment at either, and was in certainty terminated twice from the activity as an extract official. At the point when he showed up in Philadelphia on November 30th 1774, he was wiped out and hot, and must be carried on a cot. With a letter of suggestion from Ben Franklin, he was acknowledged into a medical clinic and given exceptional consideration, until he recuperated. With that equivalent letter from Ben Franklin, he discovered numerous entryways opened for him, including employments coaching a considerable lot of the children of the wealthiest men in Philadelphia. Â Â Â Â Â Paine began once more, by distributing African Slavery In America, in the spring of 1775, where he censured subjection in America as being out of line what's more, obtuse. At about this equivalent time, he turned into the co-manager for the Pennsylvania Magazine. At the point when he showed up in Philadelphia, Paine saw the strain, and the insubordinate mentality, that was consistently getting bigger, after the Boston Tea Party. As Paine would like to think, the Colonies had all the option to rebel against a government that forced duties on them, and which didn't give them the privilege of portrayal in the Parliament at Westminster. At that point he went one monstrous advance further, he concluded there was no explanation behind the Colonies to remain subject to Britain. He distributed his suppositions in the American autonomy leaflet Common Sense. Â Â Â Â Â In Common Sense Paine expresses that at some point or another Independence from Britain must come, since America had put some distance between the motherland. He felt that the capacity of government in the public arena was to just be a controller, and accordingly really straightforward. His solid convictions made him a significant impact on the Affirmation Of Independence. Â â â â â He joined General Washington in his fight against General Howe in the War of Independence. Where he roused numerous despondent troopers who required consolation. The withdrawing of General Washington's military was a moderate, day by day undertaking. Being an Englishman himself, Paine realized that the British adversary, would not pay attention to the Revolutionary Army and knew about strategies of the English Army, and could instruct the Revolutionary Army with respect to what was not out of the ordinary. The English were amenable in the manner that they didn't assault around evening time.

German State Bank LBBW Uses MeisterTask for Agile Task Management (Success Story) - Focus

German State Bank LBBW Uses MeisterTask for Agile Task Management (Success Story) - Focus At the Landesbank Baden-Württemberg (LBBW), more than 2,900 employees use MeisterTask to manage projects and tasks on a daily basis. We talked to LBBW’s IT Project Manager, Katja Esch, to learn more about the bank’s pursuit of staying agile. LBBW is a universal bank with more than 10,000 employees. It provides services to companies, retail and institutional customers, and savings banks. Although the bank has deep roots in Baden-Württemberg, it is also present in a number of economic and financial hubs worldwide. Large enterprises in fields such as finance are not generally known for employing modern software solutions and an agile approach to work management. Yet, future-oriented LBBW is doing exactly that. IT Project Manager Katja Esch explains: “The idea to use a collaborative task management tool first came up during an Open Space Event focusing on agile work. It was our goal to make collaboration within and across our departments not only more efficient, but also more transparent.” After thoroughly researching the software market, LBBW settled on MeisterTask as their new task management tool. “Aside from its intuitive user interface, MeisterTask’s server location was a deciding factor for us. The security of our data is of utmost priority. With MeisterTask, we know that our data is stored in Germany and protected by rigorous security and privacy measures.” German data protection experts recommend MeisterTask. Learn more Simple, Painless Onboarding Once the decision had been made, LBBW sought to onboard its employees as quickly as possible. To this end, the company uploaded MeisterTask’s user guide to their intranet alongside a few personal guidelines and links to tutorial videos on YouTube. Within a few weeks, more than 2,900 employees were able to get productive with MeisterTask. No expensive and time-consuming product training required. Kanban, Scrum and More LBBW’s employees use MeisterTask for all kinds of small and medium-sized projects as well as for their day-to-day task management. For some projects, large Kanban boards are created, while other teams work within a Scrum framework. As a web-based tool, MeisterTask facilitates real-time collaboration between team members, no matter where they are located. As such, it is ideally suited for interdisciplinary and cross-functional teams, such as LBBW’s agile coaches. “Our 15 agile coaches use a Kanban board in MeisterTask to work together. Here, they create new tasks for seminar requests and take those tasks through various stages from planning to completion. There’s no need for a team leader to assign tasks â€" instead, each coach simply assigns tasks to themselves when they are free to take them on. Additionally, coaches outline concepts for agile work and use MeisterTask to share them with their colleagues.” Using MeisterTask’s automations, the teams at LBBW work even more efficiently. Many employees, for instance, use the email automation to keep colleagues in the loop about project progress. The company also makes use of the security restrictions offered by MeisterTask’s Business plan to ensure that projects cannot be shared with unauthorized persons and data can’t fall into the wrong hands. Effective Teamwork and Communication LBBW has been successfully using MeisterTask since May 2018. As Katja Esch shared with us: “MeisterTask has created more transparency within our projects. We save time by going to fewer meetings, and meeting minutes have become mostly obsolete. Thanks to MeisterTask we collaborate and communicate more effectively.” Interested in adopting MeisterTask in your organization? MeisterTask Enterprise offers a task management solution individually tailored to your companys needs. In addition to MeisterTask Business, it includes: A dedicated account manager Personalized onboarding assistance A custom security review SAML Single Sign-On for your employees Contact us today for a tailored pricing offer. Task Management for the Enterprise Try MeisterTask Try Now Try MeisterTask German State Bank LBBW Uses MeisterTask for Agile Task Management (Success Story) - Focus At the Landesbank Baden-Württemberg (LBBW), more than 2,900 employees use MeisterTask to manage projects and tasks on a daily basis. We talked to LBBW’s IT Project Manager, Katja Esch, to learn more about the bank’s pursuit of staying agile. LBBW is a universal bank with more than 10,000 employees. It provides services to companies, retail and institutional customers, and savings banks. Although the bank has deep roots in Baden-Württemberg, it is also present in a number of economic and financial hubs worldwide. Large enterprises in fields such as finance are not generally known for employing modern software solutions and an agile approach to work management. Yet, future-oriented LBBW is doing exactly that. IT Project Manager Katja Esch explains: “The idea to use a collaborative task management tool first came up during an Open Space Event focusing on agile work. It was our goal to make collaboration within and across our departments not only more efficient, but also more transparent.” After thoroughly researching the software market, LBBW settled on MeisterTask as their new task management tool. “Aside from its intuitive user interface, MeisterTask’s server location was a deciding factor for us. The security of our data is of utmost priority. With MeisterTask, we know that our data is stored in Germany and protected by rigorous security and privacy measures.” German data protection experts recommend MeisterTask. Learn more Simple, Painless Onboarding Once the decision had been made, LBBW sought to onboard its employees as quickly as possible. To this end, the company uploaded MeisterTask’s user guide to their intranet alongside a few personal guidelines and links to tutorial videos on YouTube. Within a few weeks, more than 2,900 employees were able to get productive with MeisterTask. No expensive and time-consuming product training required. Kanban, Scrum and More LBBW’s employees use MeisterTask for all kinds of small and medium-sized projects as well as for their day-to-day task management. For some projects, large Kanban boards are created, while other teams work within a Scrum framework. As a web-based tool, MeisterTask facilitates real-time collaboration between team members, no matter where they are located. As such, it is ideally suited for interdisciplinary and cross-functional teams, such as LBBW’s agile coaches. “Our 15 agile coaches use a Kanban board in MeisterTask to work together. Here, they create new tasks for seminar requests and take those tasks through various stages from planning to completion. There’s no need for a team leader to assign tasks â€" instead, each coach simply assigns tasks to themselves when they are free to take them on. Additionally, coaches outline concepts for agile work and use MeisterTask to share them with their colleagues.” Using MeisterTask’s automations, the teams at LBBW work even more efficiently. Many employees, for instance, use the email automation to keep colleagues in the loop about project progress. The company also makes use of the security restrictions offered by MeisterTask’s Business plan to ensure that projects cannot be shared with unauthorized persons and data can’t fall into the wrong hands. Effective Teamwork and Communication LBBW has been successfully using MeisterTask since May 2018. As Katja Esch shared with us: “MeisterTask has created more transparency within our projects. We save time by going to fewer meetings, and meeting minutes have become mostly obsolete. Thanks to MeisterTask we collaborate and communicate more effectively.” Interested in adopting MeisterTask in your organization? MeisterTask Enterprise offers a task management solution individually tailored to your companys needs. In addition to MeisterTask Business, it includes: A dedicated account manager Personalized onboarding assistance A custom security review SAML Single Sign-On for your employees Contact us today for a tailored pricing offer. Task Management for the Enterprise Try MeisterTask Try Now Try MeisterTask

Creative Writing Out with a Bang Essay - 642 Words

Julie’s dreams never worked out. She had dreams of going to college, but that fell through. No money. Was it her fault that the economy took a nose dive and no one wanted to give her a scholarship? Julie was going to graduate in the top half of her class. But, then she’d missed one final exam. Did she ask to get the flu or to forget the date of the makeup exam? Work for living, meet the right people, and take advantage of your opportunities. How she hated the advice she got from her parents. Well, this was where Julie drew the line. This was where she would set herself apart from the crowd. No more Loser for Julie. She was going to be the best Executive Assistant in the world. And, she was going to start today. â€Å"Good morning,†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"Got your panty hose on too tight, Julie?† He didn’t even glance at her. Julie blew her blonde bangs out of her eyes, staring at the disheveled man before her. With his sparse, wiry hair bushed out from the sides of his head, he reminded her of an orangutan. He had on a starched white shirt with a small blood spot on the collar where he’d nicked himself, and his sleeves were pushed up to reveal hairy arms and thick beefy hands. â€Å"Where did you put those files for the Phelps thing?† Mr. Goepfrisch asked, sitting behind his desk with a three inch stack of papers upright in his lap. He rifled through them like he was looking for B-9 on a stack of bingo cards. His suit jacket was hung loosely over the back of the leather chair, and as he flipped through the papers, rocking his chair, the motion swung the jacket sleeves back and forth on the carpet behind him, repeating a click, click, swish. On the front corner of the desk, on top of a six inch stack of papers, were the empty folders she’d brought him yesterday. It would have taken two minutes to file them right. He had to do everything himself. â€Å"The Phelps Group will be here tomorrow,† Julie said. â€Å"Maybe I could help straighten up a bit?† Julie looked around the office, stacks of papers and magazines were on every surface, her eyes narrowed under perfectly arched brows. The brown leather sofa was camouflaged beneath an ocean of pulp. She noticed Mr. GoepfrischShow MoreRelated Abbey Road Essay798 Words   |  4 Pageswas well known for his creative lyrics. His mind provided lyrics for such insightful songs such as â€Å"Across the Universe† and â€Å"A Day in the Life†. The third track is â€Å"Maxwell’s Silver Hammer†. This song is a humorous tune about a boy who enjoys attacking people with a silver hammer. It is a playful piano jingle that reflects on Paul’s influence on the album. Paul McCartney’s songs usually presented the lighter, more friendly side of the Beatles. 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These young innocent children had been murdered out of hate for the black community and now the black community had, had more than enough

Corporate Social Responsibility And Executive Compensation...

Corporate Social Responsibility and Executive Compensation with Firm Performance Introduction The last two decades has seen a significant increase in firm’s investment on corporate social responsibilities (CSR). Jo and Harjoto (2011) propose that a social responsible firm cares about how its operating affects stakeholders, community and environment in the ways that is beyond the legal requirement. The increasing importance of CSR has raised many debates on its influence on firm’s performance, shareholder value, and whether it increase the agency costs of management and shareholders. Executive compensation serves as an important tool in corporate governance. As CSR is a long-term investment with immediate cost showed in financial report in current period and uncertain payoff in the future, the managers may be unwilling to invest in CSR, even though it benefits the shareholders and increases firm value in the long term. While executive compensation is critical in aligning the interests of shareholders and managers, the decision of CSR commitment can be influenced by the management compensation. The area of CSR and executive compensation related to firm’s financial performance has been extensively studied, however, the perspective of CSR with firm’s executive compensation has not been widely researched. This study is aimed to explore the links between the CSR and executive compensation in terms of firm performance. In this paper, the focus is on how CSR-linked executiveShow MoreRelatedCorporate Governance Of A Company1306 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Corporate governance, according to the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), is ‘the system by which businesses are directed and controlled.’† (cited in Britton Waterston, 2010, p.235) Corporate governance of a company maintains the welfare of the stakeholders in an organisation. 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Being Me Free Essays

Being Me Its tough being a teenage girl; especially me, that’s excruciating. Take some advice – no one can ever fully understand someone so don’t even try to – it’s impossible. As you read this essay beware, not everyone lives with money and happiness handed to them or lives ‘the dream’. We will write a custom essay sample on Being Me or any similar topic only for you Order Now Fact 1, Everyone is stereotyped, bound to whatever group everyone else thinks you are, not who you actually are every stereotype hates at least one other. I get stereotyped because of the make-up on my face, nothing else, just how I look. Why? To find another way to make themselves feel better by putting everyone else down. Pathetic, right? I have lost and gained so many people it is unbelievable; one thing I will say though, is no one sticks around. They expect you there for their troubles but when yours it’s completely different, you can handle them on your own, yes of course. I have gained 3 important people though, Heather Gemma and Anya, they may not stick around forever but they are the closest. I am bitter towards friendships because I lost my best friend to her boyfriend, shaped my opinions on almost everything, from friendships to relationships with anyone, a great deal. Looking back on this I would say I handled that poorly, I don’t need to be hasty but I choose to be. Right, let’s take a look into the intricate mind of me. My paranoia ruins all my relationships, including my family and friends, it works me up to the point I get extremely upset to the point I can’t eat or sleep. My paranoia makes me think that if I haven’t spoken to someone in a few days they absolutely hate my guts, it ruins everything for me. Also, my temper has extremely heightened to the point I am constantly ‘nippy’ towards everyone, the smallest things irritate me. If it was possible I would evaporate my paranoia into thin air and get on with my life but when I look back on it I wish I would just grow up, give myself a slap and get on with my life. I am constantly worn out and lacking any enthusiasm in anything. This means my focus on anything, especially school work. Unfortunately I need my grades for a job, college or maybe even university- how good would it be if you didn’t?! It puts your confidence down to know you would need higher A’s to succeed. Oh well, you can only do the best you can? No, not good enough, push the barriers, get the highest grades possible†¦ Yeah right! When I look back on my focus on my grades etc, I actually cannot help it, I wish I could grasp what the teachers tell me but it goes right through me no matter what I try. As many other teenage girl I don’t see, in the mirror, what everyone sees when they look at me. I see a FAT, ugly, scarred girl, looking back at me. To do my make-up in the morning I see a monster gawk back at me. My weight will not change no matter what I do, I cannot change my face, I cannot change my past either; I completely give up now. When people look at me they only see the intimidating yet happy me I ‘want’ them to see†¦ this gives them the impression of no matter what they do I will be as strong as ever, they will never bring me to my knees. I would say I handle this extremely well considering the amount of self criticism I give myself. People can change your attitudes towards almost anything I suppose yes? Correct. One person has influenced my recent attitude adjustments; I cannot sleep anymore, I cannot trust anyone and he makes me extremely short tempered. Now-a-days if anyone just slightly annoys me I have thoughts going through my head of the things I would do to them if possible but luckily enough I manage to keep my temper. I handle my temper better than anything else in my life, I dread to think where I would be if it completely consumed me. I suppose you could say I have never had a proper start in life; I never really saw my parents growing up, I grew up with violence but technically that made me the person I am today; able to defend myself although I just use it to intimidate. Peer pressure also played a part in my growing up†¦ I had no chance growing up as a normal teenager; ‘oh, do this, it’s cool! C’mon, just do it! DO IT, DO IT! ’ In the end you just end up bowing down to peer pressure, then it consumes you with its viscous grip. I wish I had never given into peer pressure, it has supplemented into ruining my life. Of all things that should affect me, death doesn’t. It happens†¦ yes it fills you with great sadness but on the other hand it happens, get over it. It happens to everyone close or near to you. Although I must admit I am lucky enough never to have lost a relative as close such as a parent, sibling, etc. I lost my great aunt Ivory not too long ago but I was at a loss as to why we celebrate the day of someone’s funeral, it just seems wrong. They may possibly be better off dead but people should be looking back in remorse to think they never spent any more time possible with that person†¦ I never spent any more time with my granddad than when my mother took me in. I didn’t understand he was dying but I wish I had requested to pay more time with him. When I think about it all, I handle my life as best as I can, if I lost at least one aspect, maybe my temper, I would be ended, that would appear on my records preventing me from my beloved job I crave. To be honest? I am a cold person who should be messed up more than I already am but who can help anyone? No one because no one can ever fully understand another, it is impossible. I wish I wasn’t so messed up although I wouldn’t trade my life for anyone else’s, because everyone has their flaws. How to cite Being Me, Papers

Women at Point Zero Essay Example For Students

Women at Point Zero Essay This piece from Women at Point Zero is a really interesting and unique piece. These words that Firdaus speaks, tell so much about the reasons for her doings to the author and why she has decided to accept her death. They also make the reader feel sympathy in a different way and show a beginning of a very long conversation between Firdaus and the author. The impression that the reader gets of Firdaus from this extract is loneliness and never got to speak. The sentence that she starts with itself show an outlook of her life Let me speak. Do not interrupt me. (1) She never had the chance to say what she wanted and today she wants to leave the world by telling her story. Firdaus never got a chance to feel good or proud about what she did about herself and accepts that today is when she feels the pride that she yearned for all her life, that is the reason she accepts the death. All my life I have been searching for something that would fill me with pride, make me feel superior to everyone else, including kings, princes, and rulers. (4-6) Her ambition in life was very strong but throughout her adulthood Firdaus was a prostitute and hid her truth behind make-up. She accepts it herself And because I am a prostitute, I hid my fear under layers of make-up. (19) We will write a custom essay on Women at Point Zero specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The fear of letting her truth to be shown her status, her desires and her past. We can see in this extract that her childhood made her a person she could not be as she was scared to let her past come out and wouldnt be accepted that way and so she keeps it to herself till today, today she tells Nawal her whole life as she is going to die in a few hours. Even as she boasts about her achievement of being a successful prostitute you can see that it was a pointless career because all she had for the men that she attended was hatred. This shows the reader that it seemed so that she never had a good male role model in her life. Each time I picked up a newspaper and found the picture of a man I would spit on it. (7 8). She has a lot of anger towards the men although she was a successful prostitute which meant that her income came from the same men she hated and she had to attend and satisfy the same men. The language that Nawal El Saadawi chooses is very interesting with different terms she shows Firdaus attitudes. The reader sees Firdaus views on life very closely through her words. But because I am a woman I have never had the courage to life my hand. And so she always hid under her make up and kept on accepting everything without her really accepting it, but today she is proud and accepts her death with open arms. Throughout her life she puts her needs and desires away but today she lets it all out. She talks about the most -expensive make-up, my hair, that she used but this never made her feel better it always reminded her of the her real status. Only my make-up, my hair, and my hair and my expensive shoes were upper -class. With my secondary school certificate and suppressed desires I belonged to the middle class. By birth I was lower class. (27 29) Towards the end of the extract she lets out the truth and reveals her true face. Diction in this extract is an important part as they all help in the story she tells earth fills me pride. the word fills is used has an empty space that needed to be filled and now with the choice and decision she made it fills that emptiness that she had all her life. natural and serious this shows that she put a specific color of lipstick that portrayed an image that she wanted the people to see not her true self. In a way that showed that she knew or thought that she wouldnt be accepted as the person and so needed to be someone else to survive living in this world. At the end of the extract her last two sentences are her telling her true image the true Firdaus, she adds in her suppressed desires that she never received all her life and that makes reader look up to the top of the page as the connection of those words are to what Firdaus says about what she slapping the men. It made me think did she really want to do that? What were her real desires as a little girl? The pain s he received throughout her years of living are shown with those two words but today as she talks to the author she is at a higher status because today she is going to get what she wanted and as she walks to the gallows she walks with her pride. .u1dcb0007803cf12c35c92d2b4ade5b2c , .u1dcb0007803cf12c35c92d2b4ade5b2c .postImageUrl , .u1dcb0007803cf12c35c92d2b4ade5b2c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u1dcb0007803cf12c35c92d2b4ade5b2c , .u1dcb0007803cf12c35c92d2b4ade5b2c:hover , .u1dcb0007803cf12c35c92d2b4ade5b2c:visited , .u1dcb0007803cf12c35c92d2b4ade5b2c:active { border:0!important; } .u1dcb0007803cf12c35c92d2b4ade5b2c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u1dcb0007803cf12c35c92d2b4ade5b2c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u1dcb0007803cf12c35c92d2b4ade5b2c:active , .u1dcb0007803cf12c35c92d2b4ade5b2c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u1dcb0007803cf12c35c92d2b4ade5b2c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u1dcb0007803cf12c35c92d2b4ade5b2c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u1dcb0007803cf12c35c92d2b4ade5b2c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u1dcb0007803cf12c35c92d2b4ade5b2c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u1dcb0007803cf12c35c92d2b4ade5b2c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u1dcb0007803cf12c35c92d2b4ade5b2c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u1dcb0007803cf12c35c92d2b4ade5b2c .u1dcb0007803cf12c35c92d2b4ade5b2c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u1dcb0007803cf12c35c92d2b4ade5b2c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: On The Waterfront EssayThe mood and atmosphere are shown by the imagery of the earth this shows they were man people in her life who were the cause of what she has become. Spitting on the newspaper that only covered kitchen shelves wasnt a very good feeling but she did it anyway. She talks about her desire: to lift my hand and bring it smashing down on his face this really gives the mood of the extract and shows her hatred which is the atmosphere. She talks about her make up and the layers. I hid my hear under layers of make -up there were many layers not just one or two which means there was a lot of fear. The imagery shows her sadness in life and also the anger toward s the men of the world which is the tone of this piece of writing. This sets the atmosphere out for the reader and you can only hear Firdaus voice. To conclude I can say that Firdaus in this extract starts the story of her life in very open way as she lets the reader know how she feels in her first sentence which lasts three words long. There are so many things she gives the reader to take in and makes the reader question about her past and what happened that made her hate men so much! Lastly how she can be proud of going to get hanged soon, what was her crime? If she did so many bad things how could the people of the jail want her to live so much? She gets the readers side also in the argument. It is really interesting how the extract leaves with her telling the truth about her life and status (low).

AOL Time Warner essays

AOL Time Warner essays On January 10, 2000, one of the largest, most powerful mergers was announced to the world. Media giant Time Warner will join forces with the Internet superstar, America on Line. The $183 billion dollar deal is the biggest in history. In the recent past, there has been a wave of merger-mania, both in the United States and in Europe. The merger of the Millennium is between America on Line and Time Warner. The AOL Time Warner deal represents the joining of the Old Media with the New Media. Not only is it a marriage of different approaches, the two CEO's are very diverse individuals. The two companies are quite different, in nearly every aspect. Some of the divisions of Time Warner have been around since the 1920's, while the youngster, AOL is a mere fifteen years old. The quick paced, new up starting Internet companies never thought in a million years they would ever need the old stand-by media organizations. "The Internet will revolutionize everything", that is what their beliefs were. They were fearless and believed themselves to be invincible, but things have changed. The Internet has put the world only a mouse click away and it has changed the world. The fact of the matter is the world of the Internet is extremely competitive and in order to survive, you must invest huge sums into your marketing cam paign, in some cases up to seventy percent of a budget. The one thing that you can always could on in this word is change, and there are going to be some major changes in the realm of the high tech companies. The 'techies' are going to have to realize their need for and have to learn how to form lasting relationships with the 'old stand bys' in order to keep up with today's world. Time Warner is, for the most part, a stable reliable organization. Time Warner's holdings include many magazines, Time, Sports Illustrated, Money and Fortune just to name a few. Time Warner also possesses Warner Brothers Studio, Warner Mu...

Should I Take the PSAT as a Freshman

Should I Take the PSAT as a Freshman SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips It's never too early to start planning! When should you start preparing to apply tocollege? When you sign up for the SAT? The day you choose your freshman year classes? From the time you learn to read your first picture book? This might be a matter of debate between you and your parents, but we can all agree that planning starts long before you actually start filling out applications. So to put yourself on the track for college success, should you start freshman year off by taking the PSAT? First, what exactly is the PSAT for? Understanding this will let us see whether it suits your needs as a freshman. The PSAT Is For... National Merit Distinctions and Scholarships The PSAT is administered by the National Merit Scholarship Corporation, or the NMSC. Based on your scores, the NMSC may award you distinctions like Commended Scholar, Semifinalist, or Finalist. Students in the top 1% might even win scholarships. Only high school juniors are eligible for NMSC awards. So your freshman year score, even if it's perfect, unfortunately can't count for National Merit. However, prepping and getting a practice run or two in before junior year can only improve your score, especially if you're aimingto make it into the top 1%. I strongly recommend takingthe PSAT in at least sophomore year to get in your trial run. As for freshman year? It can definitely be helpful, but it's also pretty early. You might be served just as well by focusing on your schoolwork, developing your academic skills, and doing test prep on your own for the next year. If you want to take the PSAT in 9th grade, then any real test experience can be valuable and help you score higher thenext time. Besides NMSC awards, the PSAT is helpful for another important test... Good Practice for the SAT The "P" in PSAT actually stands for "preliminary," not "practice," but this common misconception isn't too far from the truth. The new PSAT starting in 2015 is closely aligned to the content and types of questions you'll see on the new SAT. Both test your understanding of math, Critical Reading, and writing (though the PSAT does not have an essay component). Both testsfocus on determining meaning in context, whether it's analyzing a passage or interpreting data from a graph. Prepping for and taking the PSAT will help you develop the valuable skills you need to score highly on the SAT. It also helps you pace yourself under strict time limits and apply guessing strategies, like process of elimination. Both the new PSAT and new SAT feature multiple choice questions with 4 answer choices instead of the current 5, and neither has penalties for wrong answers. In addition to testing similar skills as the SAT, the PSAT helps you predict how you'll score on the SAT. The new PSAT is scored on a scale between 320 and 1520, with a range of 160 to 760 for Math and the same for Reading and Writing. The new SAT will be scored out of 1600, with a range of 200 to 800 for Math and the same for Reading and Writing. These scales are very similar, with the PSAT scores shifted down to account for the fact that it's a somewhat easier test than the SAT. How you do on the PSAT helpspredict how you'll do on the SAT, with the knowledge that the SAT is somewhat more challenging. Not onlycan you use your PSAT score as a predictor of how you are likely to score on the SAT, you can alsouse it to set goals and up your target scores. Because of this, it can only help you to begin to get familiar with the PSAT freshman year, as scoring well on these tests is all about practice and preparation. But again, it's up to you whether taking the official PSAT or simply practicing on your own, like with PSAT practice test pdfs, is most beneficial freshman year. Finally, the PSAT can put you in touch with colleges... To Connect With Colleges To state the obvious, the PSAT and SAT are tests that prepare you for applying to and succeeding in college.The PSAT can be helpful for providing your contact information to colleges (with your permission) so they can get in touch with you and share information about their campus events, deadlines, and scholarships. If you want to put yourself on colleges' radar early, then taking the PSAT may be one way to do this. Another way would be indicating interest through their individual websites. Now that you understand the various uses and applications of the PSAT, what's the final verdict: should you take the PSAT as a freshman? Final verdict? Should You Take the PSAT In 9th Grade? Freshman year is early to worry too much about the PSAT, but if you have the means and motivation, every real test is valuable experience. You'll get a sense of real testing conditions, along with an official score report that can help you set goals and design your study plan for next time. If you decide to take the PSAT in 9th grade, you'll want to talk to your school counselor about it. Juniors are usually automatically signed up for it through the school, but freshmen usually need to ask to register specifically. If you decide to skip the test for now, you'll be served well by taking practice tests and self-studying. That way, you can prep to take the PSAT as a sophomore and then be in great shape junior year, when it counts for National Merit. Want to get a head start on the PSAT NMQST? We have the industry's leading PSAT prep program. Built by Harvard grads and SAT full scorers, the program learns your strengths and weaknesses through advanced statistics, then customizes your prep program to you so that you get the most effective prep possible. Check out our 5-day free trial today: While you may or may not take the PSAT freshman year, you might want to consider taking an SAT Subject Test at the end of freshman year. The Subject Tests measure your mastery in a subject like Biology or Math. Depending on what courses you've taken, you may be prepared and have the content fresh in your mind as ninth grade draws to a close. Check out other considerations and SAT Subject Test dates here. Besides the PSAT, are there any other things you should focus on freshman year? Freshman Year Focus: The Essentials Colleges look at all four years of high school, whether it's the courses you select, your academic performance, your extracurricular and community involvement, or your summer activities. Colleges also love to see your involvement in a particular area deepen and develop into an area of expertise or leadership position. Admissions officers understand exploration freshman year, but they generally like to see commitment over the long run. To that end, it's a good idea to try out clubs and activities in freshman year and find ones in whichyou can not only make progress, but that might also put you in a position for leadershipor an internship later on in high school. It's also a smart move to challenge yourself in college prep and honors classes. Make sure you'll be taking Algebra and Geometry by the time you take the SAT. If you're interested in the ACT or the Math 2 Subject Test, then you also will need to have some understanding of precalculus and trigonometry. If you're reading about taking the PSAT as a freshman, then you're probably well aware of the power of prep when it comes to the PSAT and SAT. You're giving yourself a goodamount of time to get ready through studying, as well as developing critical reading, writing, and math skills in and out of the classroom. Some students even sit for the official SAT as freshmen as part of their study plan, to gauge their level and achieve a good 9th grade SAT score. Bystaying active and aware, you're already preparing to apply to college. Or maybe you've been preparing since you learned to read your first picture book! What's Next? How exactly is the PSAT scored? Check out this guide on what your PSAT score means, and the 3 steps you should take after the PSAT. Early studying is smart studying for the SAT. Learn why and how to start prepping well in advance of SAT test day. Are you taking the SAT as a sophomore? If you're scoring these scores, then you're in a good position for next year. Read about good 10th grade SAT scores and how to improve them even more. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points? Check out our best-in-class online SAT prep program. We guarantee your money back if you don't improve your SAT score by 160 points or more. Our program is entirely online, and it customizes your prep program to your strengths and weaknesses. We also feature thousands of practice questions, 10 official SAT practice tests, and personal feedback on your essays from an expert instructor. Check out our 5-day free trial:

The case method of stratigic analysis David and Goliath Essay

The case method of stratigic analysis David and Goliath - Essay Example -There are a number of possible solutions to the problem. One solution is to have each side choose its strongest member. For the Philistine this would be Goliath. For the Israelites this would be David. Both individuals would then fight to the death. The winner would determine the resolution for the entirety of their population. While this would provide a resolution and avoid significant death, one recognizes that it is largely an arbitrary means of deciding on the solution; for this reason not all participants may be happy with the final solution. -Another potential option would be to have both organizations engage in diplomacy. While a regular component of international relations in the contemporary environment, during the time of this conflict such actions occurred only in limited form. This then constitutes a major potential option a means of solving this conflict. -Still, another potential option would be to allow both armies to engage in warfare. While this is the most extreme solution it is an option that continues to be implemented through the contemporary world environment. This solution would be effective in providing a strong and resolute answer to the issue, as the stronger party would have the final say in the matter. Still, the human death toll would be significant. One considers that diplomacy functions as the best option as it determines an amenable solution without bloodshed and death. This approach functions within the Ansoff management techniques. One considers that turbulence is a prominent area of concern within the Ansoff approach, and this situation demonstrates a great degree of unpredictability. Ansoff recognizes that managers must meet these challenges with an appropriate aggressiveness of strategy. In this sense, the diplomatic approach recognizes that because of the turbulent nature of the situation, a strong and resolute solution needs to be reached. The diplomatic action then will

Modern Microecon, Consumer Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Modern Microecon, Consumer Theory - Essay Example In raw economic terms, utility is a measure of consumer satisfaction, that is, how much satisfaction a consumer derives from the consumption of a good or a service. Budget constraint on the other hand represents the combination of goods or services an individual can consume or purchase in consideration to given prices with his or her limited income. Combining the two concepts forms the foundation of consumer theory. The utility theory provides a methodological framework whereby usually, all individuals, organizations and firms evaluate given options. Utility is a term used to describe the satisfaction that each of the given options provide to the one making the decision. Hence, the basis of the utility theory is that each individual will choose that option which tends to maximize utility, working on what is called the ‘maximization principle’. This principle states that the most desirable choice is the one with the highest level of satisfaction. However, while making the se decisions, the individual must also consider his income earned along with the respective prices of the goods and services in question. ... Total utility continuously rises as consumption increases. This rise becomes smaller as more units of a product are consumed, it can also decline after a certain level of consumption. On the other hand, marginal utility measures the change in consumption benefit as a result of consuming one more or one less unit of a product. In other words, marginal utility tracks the change in total utility as the number of units consumed changes. The behavior of marginal utility is such that it tends to fall continuously as consumption of a product increases. This is because the first few units consumed of a product provide a higher level of satisfaction than the later few. For example, the first drink of water is worth a lot more to a thirsty individual than his seventh one. For a consumer to be in equilibrium certain conditions need to be met. The consumers are assumed to be rational in their decision whereby they aim to maximize the utility derived from the consumption of any product. It is als o assumed that consumers have limited incomes and that the value of utility can be quantified in monetary terms. The equi-marginal principle states that a consumer will be in equilibrium if it is not possible to switch expenditure from good X in favour of good Y to achieve an increase in total utility. In other word this principle is satisfied when the marginal utility of every dollar spent on a good is equal to the price paid for that good. If a basket of goods is in question, an individual will continue to alter the mix of consumption of the products until the marginal utility of a dollar spent on each of the goods is equal. Therefore, the equilibrium principle can be expressed as MUx/Px=MUy/Py, where MU is the marginal utility and P is the price of the good. Consumer

Dissociative Amnesia- Memory Loss Essay -- short term memory, American

Introduction: The main Character is Lenard; he is an average looking male in his mid to early thirties. At first look one would never think that there is anything wrong with him, he speaks clearly and intelligently, id s polite individual and well-mannered when interacting with others. Lenard does the typical things and daily activities that a normal person does. On sight one can’t tell that, but Lenard has a condition where he cannot recall anything that happens to him within a matter of minutes, things such as people he meets, the conversations he had and places he’s been become distant after a few minutes. The only thing that Lenard is able to remember is those things that happened before the incident that caused his diagnosis. The things that Lenard is able to recall are those things such as his name, who he is, and the way his life was before the traumatic experience. Lenard is incapable of making new memories as well as short term memories. Diagnosis: In the film Lenard tells people that he has short term memory loss, this isn’t the case though, Lenard’s disorder is in fact more serious then he knows. Lenard has; individuals who have this condition like Lenard have difficulties remembering parts of their lives from a single event or numerous events that have occurred. Dissociative amnesia typically occurs when a traumatic event happens in that individual’s life. For Lenard, the traumatic event that occurred in his life was the rapping and murder of his wife which occurred in their own house while Lenard was asleep, then awoke to see what was going on, to which he was hit across the head with a gun which caused his condition, then left laying besides his lifeless wife on the bathroom floor, Symptoms & Axis I-V: The DSM... ...ma he encountered didn’t occur. Works Cited: DSM-IV-TR. (n.d.). American Psychiatric Association. Memento. Dir. Christopher Nolan. Landmark, 2000. DVD. Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Etiology. Retrieved November 9, 2013 from Merriam- Webster: http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/etiology NCBI. (n.d.) Us National Library of Medicine National Institute of Health. Retrieved November 9, 2013, from PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16791779 Psychotherapy And Counseling. (n.d.). Dissociative Amnesia – DSMIV Definition. Retrieved November 9, 2013, from the DSM IV: http://psychotherapyandcounseling.org/dissociative-disorders- category/dissociative-amnesia Whitbourne, S. K., & Haligan, R. P. (2013). Abnormal Psychology: Clinical Perspectives on Psychological Disorders, Seventh Edition. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.

Smart Material

â€Å"SMART MATERIALS† ABSTRACT The world has undergone two materials ages, the plastics age and the composite age, during the past centuries. In the midst of these two ages a new era has developed. This is the smart materials era. According to early definitions, smart materials are materials that respond to their environments in a timely manner. The definition of smart materials has been expanded to materials that receive, transmit or process a stimulus and respond by producing a useful effect that may include a signal that the materials are acting upon it. Smart materials cover a wide and developing range of technologies.A particular type of smart material, known as chromogenics, can be used for large areaglazing in buildings, automobiles, planes, and for certain types of electronic display. Smart materials have been around for many years and they have found a large number of applications. There are many types of the materials present some of them listed below: Shape memory alloy 2) Piezoelectric materials 3) Magnetostrictive materials 4) Magneto- and electro-rheological materials 5) Chromic materials Due to the property of responding quickly with environment and many applications in daily life smart materials deserve a great future scope.I. INTRODUCTION Smart materials have been around for many years and they have found a large number of applications. The use of the terms ‘smart' and ‘intelligent' to describe materials and systems came from the US and started in the 1980? s despite the fact that some of these so-called smart materials had been around for decades. Many of the smart materials were developed by government agencies working on military and aerospace projects but in recent years their use has transferred into the civil sector for applications in the construction, transport, medical, leisure and domestic areas.The first problem encountered with these unusual materials is defining what the word† smart? actually means. One di ctionary definition of smart describes something which is a stute or ‘operating as if by human intelligence' and this is what smart materials are. A and back again when you return inside. This coating is made from a smart material which is described as being photochromic. There are many groups of smart materials, each exhibiting particular properties which can be harnessed in a variety of high-tech and everyday applications. These include shape memory smart material is one which reacts to its environment aby itself.The change is inherent to the material and not a result of some change in volume, a change in colour or a change in viscosity and this may occur in response to a change in temperature, stress, electrical current, or magnetic field. In many cases this reaction is reversible, a common example being the coating on spectacles which reacts to the level of UV light, turning your ordinary glasses into sunglasses when you go outside alloys, piezoelectric materials, magneto- rheological and electro-rheological materials, magnetostrictive materials and chromic materials which change their colour in reaction to various stimuli.The distinction between a smart material and a smartstructure should be emphasised. A smart structure incorporates some form of actuator and sensor (which may be made from smart materials) with control hardware and software to form a system which reacts to its environment. Such a structure might be an aircraft wing which continuously alters its profile during flight to give the optimum shape for the operating conditions at the time. II SHAPE MEMORY ALLOYS Shape memory alloys (SMAs) are one of the most well known types of smart material and they have found extensive uses in the 70 years since their discoveryWhat are SMAs? A shape memory transformation was first observed in 1932 in an alloy of gold and cadmium, and then later in brass in 1938. The shape memory effect (SME) was seen in the gold-cadmium alloy in 1951, but this was of li ttle use. Some ten years later in 1962 an equiatomic alloy of titanium and nickel was found to exhibit a significant SME and Nitinol (so named because it is made from nickel and titanium and its properties were discovered at the Naval Ordinance Laboratories) has become the most common SMA.Other SMAs include those based on copper (in particular CuZnAl), NiAl and FeMnSi, though it should be noted that the NiTi alloy has by far the most superior properties. How do SMAs work? The SME describes the process of a material changing shape or remembering a particular shape at a specific temperature (i. e. its transformation or memory temperature). Materials which can only exhibit the shape change or memory effect once are known as one way SMAs. However some alloys can betrained to show a two-way effect in which they remember two shapes, one below and one above the memory temperature.At the memory temperature the alloy undergoes a solid state phase transformation. That is, the crystal structur e of the material changes resulting in a volume or shape change and this change in structure is called a„thermoelastic martensitic transformation?. This effect occurs as the material has a martensitic microstructure below the transformation temperature, which is characterised by a zig-zag arrangement of the atoms, known as twins. The martensitic structure is relatively soft and is easily deformed by removing the twinned structure.The material has an austenitic structure above the memory temperature, which is much stronger. To change from the martensitic or deformed structure to the austenitic shape the material is simply heated through the memory temperature. Cooling down again reverts the alloy to the martensitic state as shown in Figure 1. The shape change may exhibit itself as either an expansion or contraction. The transformation temperature can be tuned to within a couple of degrees by changing the alloy composition.Nitinol can be made with a transformation temperature an ywhere between –100? C and +100? C which makes it very versatile. Where are SMAs used? Shape memory alloys have found a large number of uses in aerospace, medicine and the leisure industry. A few of these applications are described below. Medical applications Quite fortunately Nitinol is biocompatible, that is, it can be used in the body without an adverse reaction, so it has found a number of medical uses. These include stents in which rings of SMA wire hold open a polymer tube to pen up a blocked vein , blood filters, and bone plates which contract upon transformation to pull the two ends of the broken bone in to closer contact and encourage more rapid healing . It is possible that SMAs could also find use in dentistry for orthodontic braces which straighten teeth. The memory shape of the material is made to be the desired shape of the teeth. This is then deformed to fit the teeth as they are and the memory is activated by the temperature of the mouth. The SMART exerts enou gh force as it contracts to move the teeth slowly and gradually.Surgical tools, particularly those used in key hole surgery may also be made from SMAs. These tools are often often bent to fit the geometry of a particular patient, however, in order for them to be used again they return to a default shape upon sterilisation in an autoclave. Still many years away is the use of SMAs as artificial muscles, i. e. simulating the expansion and contraction of human muscles. This process will utilise a piece of SMA wire in place of a muscle on the finger of a robotic hand.When it is heated, by passing an electrical current through it, the material expands and straightens the joint, on cooling the wire contracts again bending the finger again In reality this is incredibly difficult to achieve since complex software and surrounding systems are also required. Figure 1 – Change in structure associated with the shape memory effect. NASA have been researching the use of SMA muscles in robots which walk, fly and swim! Domestic applications SMAs can be used as actuators which exert a force associated with the shape change, and this can be repeated over many thousands of cycles.Applications include springs which are incorporated in to greenhouse windows such that they open and close themselves at a given temperature. Along a similar theme are pan lids which incorporate an SMA spring in the steam vent. When the spring is heated by the boiling water in the pan it changes shape and opens the vent, thus preventing the pan from boiling over and maintaining efficient cooking. The springs are similar to those shown in Figure 5. SMAs can be used to replace bimetallic strips in many domestic applications.SMAs offer the advantage of giving a larger deflection and exerting a stronger force for a given change in temperature. They can be used in cut out switches for kettles and other devices, security door locks, fire protection devices such as smoke alarms and cooking safety indicato rs (for example for checking the temperature of a roast joint). Aerospace applications A more high tech application is the use of SMA wire to control the flaps on the trailing edge of aircraft wings.The flaps are currently controlled by extensive hydraulic systems but these could be replaced by wires which are resistance heated, by passing a current along them, to produce the desired shape change. Such a system would be considerably simpler than the conventional hydraulics, thus reducing maintenance and it would also decrease the weight of the system. Manufacturing applications SMA tubes can be used as couplings for connecting two tubes. The coupling diameter is made slightly smaller than the tubes it is to join. The coupling is deformed such that it slips over the tube ends and the temperature changed to activate the memory.The coupling tube shrinks to hold the two ends together but can never fully transform so it exerts a constant force on the joined tubes. Why are SMAs so flexibl e? In addition to the shape memory effect, SMAs are also known to be very flexible or super elastic, which arises from the structure of the martensite. This property Of SMARTs has also been exploited for example in mobile phone aerials, spectacle frames and the underwire in bras. The kink resistance of the wires makes them useful in surgical tools which need to remain straight as they are passed through the body.Nitinol can be bent significantly further than stainless steel without suffering permanent deformation. Another rather novel application of SMAs which combines both the thermal memory and super elastic properties of these materials is in intelligent fabrics. Very fine wires are woven in to ordinary polyester cotton fabric. Since the material is super elastic the wires spring back to being straight even if the fabric is screwed up in a heap at the bottom of the washing basket! So creases fall out of the fabric, giving you a true non-iron garment!In addition the wires in the s leeves have a memory which is activated at a given temperature (for example 38 C) causing the sleeves to roll themselves up and keeping the wearer cool. PIIEZOELECTRIIC MATERIIALS The piezoelectric effect was discovered in 1880 by Jaques and Pierre Curie who conducted a number of experiments using quartz crystals. This probably makes piezoelectric materials the oldest type of smart material. These materials, which are mainly ceramics, have since found a number of uses. What is the piezoelectric effect?The piezoelectric effect and electrostriction are opposite phenomena and both relate a shape change with voltage. As with SMAs the shape change is associated with a change in the crystal structure of the material and piezoelectric materials also exhibit two crystalline forms. One form is ordered and this relates to the polarisation of the molecules. The second state is nonpolarised and this is disordered. If a voltage is applied to the non-polarised material a shape change occurs as th e molecules reorganise to align in the electrical field. This is known as electrostriction.Conversely, an electrical field is generated if a mechanical force is applied to the material to change its shape. This is the piezoelectric effect. The main advantage of these materials is the almost instantaneous change in the shape of the material or the generation of an electrical field. What materials exhibit this effect? The piezoelectric effect was first observed in quartz and various other crystals such as tourmaline. Barium titanate and cadmium sulphate have also been shown to demonstrate the effect but by far the most commonly used piezoelectric ceramic today is lead zirconium titanate (PZT).The physical properties of PZT can be controlled by changing the chemistry of the material and how it is processed. There are limitations associated with PZT; like all ceramics it is brittle giving rise to mechanical durability issues and there are also problems associated with joining it with ot her components in a system. Where are piezoelectric materials used? The main use of piezoelectric ceramics is in actuators. An actuator can be described as a component or material which converts energy (in this case electrical) in to mechanical form.When a electric field is applied to the piezoelectric material it changes its shape very rapidly and very precisely in accordance with the magnitude of the field. Applications exploiting the electrostrictive effect of piezoelectric materials include actuators in the semiconductor industry in the systems used for handling silicon wafers, in the microbiology field in microscopic cell handling systems, in fibre optics and acoustics, in ink-jet printers where fine movement control is necessary and for vibration damping.The piezoelectric effect can also be used in sensors which generate an electrical field in response to a mechanical force. This is useful in damping systems and earthquake detection systems in buildings. But the most well know n application is in the sensors which deploy car airbags. The material changes in shape with the impact thus generating a field which deploys the airbag. A novel use of these materials, which exploits both the piezoelectric and electrostrictive effects, is in smart skis which have been designed to perform well on both soft and hard snow. Piezoelectric sensors detect vibrations (i. e. he shape of the ceramic detector is changed resulting in the generation of a field) and the electrostrictive property of the material is then exploited by generating an opposing shape change to cancel out the vibration. The system uses three piezoelectric elements which detect and cancel out large vibrations in real time since the reaction time of the ceramics is very small . By passing an alternating voltage across these materials a vibration is produced. This process is very efficient and almost all of the electrical energy is converted into motion. Possible uses of this property are silent alarms for pagers which fit into a wrist watch.The vibration is silent at low frequencies but at high frequencies an audible sound is also produced. This leads to the concept of solid state speakers based on piezoelectric materials which could also be miniaturised. Do polymers exhibit these effects? Ionic polymers work in a similar way to piezoelectric ceramics, however they need to be wet to function. An electrical current is passed through the polymer when it is wet to produce a change in its crystal structure and thus its shape. Muscle fibres are essentially polymeric and operate in a similar way, so research in this field has focussed on potential uses in medicine. ature of the piezoelectric effect making them invaluable for the niche applications which they occupy. MAGNETOSTRIICTIIVE MATERIIALS Magnetostrictive materials are similar to piezoelectric and electrostrictive materials except the change in shape is related to a magnetic field rather than an electrical field. What are magnetost rictive materials? Magnetostrictive materials convert magnetic to mechanical energy or vice versa. The magnetostrictive effect was first observed in 1842 by James Joule who noticed that a sample of nickel exhibited a change in length when it was magnetised.The other ferromagnetic elements (cobalt and iron) were also found to demonstrate the effect as were alloys of these materials. During the 1960s terbium and dysprosium were also found to be magnetostrictive but only at low temperatures which limited their use, despite the fact that the size change was many times greater than that of nickel. The most common magnetostrictive material today is called TERFENOL-D (terbium (TER), iron (FE), Naval Ordanance Laboratory (NOL) and dysprosium (D)). This alloy of terbium, iron and dysprosium shows a large magnetostrictive effect and is used in transducers and actuators.The original observation of the magnetostrictive effect became known as the Joule effect, but other effects have also been ob served. The Villari effect is the opposite of the Joule effect, that is applying a stress to the material causes a change in its magnetization. Applying a torsional force to a magnetostrictive material generates a helical magnetic field and this is known as the Matteuci effect. Its inverse is the Wiedemann effect in which the material twists in the presence of a helical magnet field.How do magnetostrictive materials work? Magnetic materials contain domains which can be likened to tiny magnets within the material. When an external magnetic field is applied the domains rotate to align with this field and this results in a shape change as. Conversely if the material is squashed or stretched by means of an external force the domains are forced to move and this causes a change in the magnetisation. Where are magnetostrictive materials used? Magnetostrictive materials can be used as both actuators (where a magnetic ield is applied to cause a shape change) and sensors (which convert a move ment into a magnetic field). In actuators the magnetic field is usually generated by passing an electrical current along a wire. Likewise the electrical current generated by the magnetic field arising from a shape change is usually measured in sensors. Early applications of magnetostrictive materials included telephone receivers, hydrophones, oscillators and scanning sonar. The development of alloys with better properties led to the use of these materials in a wide variety of applications.Ultrasonic magnetostrictive transducers have been used in ultrasonic cleaners and surgical tools. Other applications include hearing aids, razorblade sharpeners, linear motors, damping systems, positioning equipment, and sonar. MAGNETO– AND ELECTRO RHEOLOGIICAL MATERIIALS All of the groups of smart materials discussed so far have been based on solids. However, there are also smart fluids which change their rheological properties in accordance with their environment. What are smart fluids? Th ere are two types of smart fluids which were both discovered in the 1940s.Electro-rheological (ER) materials change their properties with the application of an electrical field and consist of an insulating oil such as mineral oil containing a dispersion of solid particles (early experiments used starch, stone, carbon, silica, gypsum and lime). Magnetorheological materials (MR) are again based on a mineral or silicone oil carrier but this time the solid dispersed within the fluid is a magnetically soft material (such as iron) and the properties of the fluid are altered by applying a magnetic field. In both cases the dispersed particles are of the order of microns in size.How do smart fluids work? In both cases the smart fluid changes from a fluid to a solid with the application of the relevant field. The small particles in the fluid align and are attracted to each other resulting in a dramatic change in viscosity as shown in Figure 7. The effect takes milliseconds to occur and is com pletely reversible by the removal of the field. Figure 8 clearly shows the effect of a magnet on such an MR fluid. With ER fluids a field strength of up to 6kV/mm is needed and for MR fluids a magnetic field of less than 1Tesla is needed. Where are smart fluids used?Uses of these unusual materials in civil engineering, robotics and manufacturing Electrodes Suspension fluid Particle Figure 7 – Schematic diagram showing the structure of a electrorheological fluid between two electrodes. The top figure shows the structure in a low field strength where the particles are randomly distributed. When a higher field strength is applied, as in the bottom diagram, the particles align causing a change in the viscosity of the fluid. Figure 8 – A puddle of magnetorheological fluid stiffens in the presence of a magnetic field. courtesy of Sandy Hill / University of Rochester) are being explored. But the first industries to identify uses were the automotive and aerospace industries wh ere the fluids are used in vibration damping and variable torque transmission. MR dampers are used to control the suspension in cars to allow the feel of the ride to be varied. Dampers are also used in prosthetic limbs to allow the patient to adapt to various movements for example the change from running to walking. Future Scope: The future of smart materials and structures is wide open.The use of smart materials in a product and the type of smart structures that one can design are only limited by one’s talents, capabilities, and ability to ‘‘think outside the box. ’’ In an early work5 and as part of short courses there were discussions pertaining to future considerations. A lot of the brainstorming that resulted from these efforts is now being explored. Some ideas that were in the conceptual stage are now moving forward. Look at the advances in information and comforts provided through smart materials and structures in automobiles. Automobiles can b e taken to a garage for service and be hooked p to a diagnostic computer that tells the mechanic what is wrong with the car. Or a light on the dashboard signals ‘‘maintenance required. ’’ Would it not be better for the light to inform us as to the exact nature of the problem and the severity of it? This approach mimics a cartoon that appeared several years ago of an air mechanic near a plane in a hanger. The plane says ‘‘Ouch’’ and the mechanic says ‘‘Where do you hurt? ’’ One application of smart materials is the work mentioned earlier of piezoelectric inkjet printer that serves as a chemical delivery to print organic light-emitting polymers in a fine detail on various media.Why not take the same application to synthesize smaller molecules? With the right set one could synthesize smaller molecules in significant amounts for characterization and evaluation and in such a way that we could design experiments with relative ease. A new class of smart materials has appeared in the literature. This is the group of smart adhesives. We previously mentioned that PVDF film strips have been placed within an adhesive joint to monitor performance. Khongtong and Ferguson developed a smart adhesive at Lehigh University. 0 They suggested that this new adhesive could form an antifouling coating for boat hulls or for controlling cell adhesion in surgery. The stickiness of the new adhesive can be switched on and off with changes in temperature. The smart adhesive also becomes water repellent when its tackiness wanes. 50 The term ‘‘smart adhesive’’ is appearing more frequently in the literature. A topic of research that was in the literature a few years ago was ‘‘smart clothes’’ or ‘‘wearable computers’’ being studied at MIT. The potential of this concept is enormous. This sounds wonderful as long as we learn how to work smart er, not longer.CONCLUSION: From the abilities of the smart material to respond the environmental changes the conclusion arises that ‘‘smart’’ in the name do not meet the definition of being smart, that is, responding to the environment in a reversible manner. Due to their properties they must deserve a great future. REFERENCES [1]Mechanical Engineers’ Handbook: Materials and Mechanical Design, Volume 1, Third Edition. Edited by Myer Kutz. [2]www. memorymetals. co. uk [3] www. nitinol. com [4] www. sma-inc. com [5]www. cs. ualberta. ca/~database/MEMS/sma_mems/sma. html [6]http://virtualskies. arc. nasa. gov/research/youdecide/Shapememalloys. html

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